Optical reading apparatus having image sensor

ABSTRACT

An optical reader for reading decodable indicia is provided. In one embodiment, the optical reader can include an image sensor. In one aspect, the optical reader can be configured to read bar codes such as 1D bar codes. Particular methods and apparatus for reading decodable indicia are described.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional of 12/139,292 filed Jun. 13,2008, incorporated herein by reference, which is a divisional of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/385,597 filed Aug. 30, 1999, incorporatedherein by reference, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 08/839,020, filed Apr. 23, 1997 (now U.S. Pat. No.5,965,863), incorporated herein by reference, which, in turn, is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/697,913,filed Sep. 3, 1996 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,900,613), incorporated herein byreference, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 08/516,185, filed Aug. 18, 1995 (now abandoned), incorporatedherein by reference, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 08/205,539, filed Mar. 4, 1994 (now U.S. Pat. No.5,463,214), incorporated herein by reference; said U.S. application Ser.No. 08/839,020 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 08/504,643 filed Jul. 20, 1995 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,806),incorporated herein by reference, said U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/697,913 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/504,643 filed Jul. 20, 1995 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,806),incorporated herein by reference and a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 08/441,446 filed May 15, 1995 (now U.S. Pat.No. 5,591,956), incorporated herein by reference, and acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/371,037filed Jan. 10, 1995 (now abandoned).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an optical reader and is directed moreparticularly to an optical reader having an image sensor.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART

One dimensional optical bar code readers are well known in the art.Examples of such readers include readers of the SCANTEAM® 3000 Seriesmanufactured by Welch Allyn, Inc. Such readers include processingcircuits that are able to read one dimensional (1D) linear bar codesymbologies, such as the UPC/EAN code, Code 39, etc., that are widelyused in supermarkets. Such 1D linear symbologies are characterized bydata that is encoded along a single axis, in the widths of bars andspaces, so that such symbols can be read from a single scan along thataxis, provided that the symbol is imaged with a sufficiently highresolution along that axis.

In order to allow the encoding of larger amounts of data in a single barcode symbol, a number of 1D stacked bar code symbologies have beendeveloped, including Code 49, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,794,239(Allais), and PDF417, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,786 (Pavlidis,et al). Stacked symbols partition the encoded data into multiple rows,each including a respective 1D bar code pattern, all or most all ofwhich must be scanned and decoded, then linked together to form acomplete message. Scanning still requires relatively high resolution inone dimension only, but multiple linear scans are needed to read thewhole symbol.

A third class of bar code symbologies, known as two dimensional (2D)matrix symbologies, have been developed which offer orientation-freescanning and greater data densities and capacities than their 1Dcounterparts. 2D matrix codes encode data as dark or light data elementswithin a regular polygonal matrix, accompanied by graphical finder,orientation and reference structures. When scanning 2D matrix codes, thehorizontal and vertical relationships of the data elements are recordedwith about equal resolution.

In order to avoid having to use different types of optical readers toread these different types of bar code symbols, it is desirable to havean optical reader that is able to read symbols of any of these types,including their various subtypes, interchangeably and automatically.More particularly, it is desirable to have an optical reader that isable to read all three of the above-mentioned types of bar code symbols,without human intervention, i.e., automatically. This in turn, requiresthat the reader have the ability to automatically discriminate betweenand decode bar code symbols, based only on information read from thesymbol itself. Readers that have this ability are referred to as“autodiscriminating” or having an “autodiscrimination” capability.

If an autodiscriminating reader is able to read only 1D bar code symbols(including their various subtypes), it may be said to have a 1Dautodiscrimination capability. Similarly, if it is able to read only 2Dbar code symbols, it may be said to have a 2D autodiscriminationcapability. If it is able to read both 1D and 2D bar code symbolsinterchangeably, it may be said to have a 1D/2D autodiscriminationcapability. Often however, a reader is said to have a 1D/2Dautodiscrimination capability even if it is unable to discriminatebetween and decode 1D stacked bar code symbols.

Optical readers that are capable of 1D autodiscrimination are well knownin the art. An early example of such a reader is the Welch AllynSCANTEAM® 3000, manufactured by Welch Allyn, Inc.

Optical readers, particularly hand held optical readers that are capableof 1D/2D autodiscrimination are less well known in the art, since 2Dmatrix symbologies are relatively recent developments. One example of ahand held reader of this type which is based on the use of anasynchronously moving 1D image sensor, is described in copending,commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/504,643 (now U.S.Pat. No. 5,773,806), which application is hereby expressly incorporatedherein by reference. Another example of a hand held reader of this typewhich is based on the use of a stationary 2D image sensor, is describedin copending, commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/914,883, (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,741), which is also herebyexpressly incorporated herein by reference.

Optical readers, whether of the stationary or movable type, usuallyoperate at a fixed scanning rate. This means that the readers aredesigned to complete some fixed number of scans during a given amount oftime. This scanning rate generally has a value that is between 30 and200 scans/sec for 1D readers. In such readers, the results of successivescans are decoded in the order of their occurrence.

Prior art optical readers operate relatively satisfactorily underconditions in which the data throughput rate, or rate at which data isscanned and decoded, is relatively low. If, for example, the scanningrate is relatively low and/or the data content of the bar code or othersymbol is relatively small, i.e., the scanner is operating under arelatively light decoding load, the decoding phase of the readingprocess can be completed between successive scans. Under theseconditions scan data can be accurately decoded without difficulty.

Readers of the above-described type have the disadvantage that, if theyare operated under relatively heavy decoding loads, i.e., are requiredto rapidly scan symbols that have a relatively high data content, thetracking relationship or synchronism between the scanning and decodingphases of the reading process will break down. This is because underheavy decoding loads the decoding phase of a read operation takes longerthan the scanning phase thereof, causing the decoding operation to lagbehind the scanning operation. While this time lag can be dealt with forbrief periods by storing the results of successive scans in a scanmemory and decoding the results of those scans in the order of theiroccurrence when the decoder becomes available, it cannot be dealt within this way for long. This is because, however large the scan memory, itwill eventually overflow and result in a loss of scan data.

One set of solutions to the problem of maintaining the desired trackingrelationship between the scanning and decoding phases of the readingprocess is described in previously mentioned copending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 08/914,883 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,741). Anotherset of solutions to the problem of maintaining the desired trackingrelationship between the scanning and decoding phases of the readingprocess is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,214, which issued on theparent application of the last mentioned copending patent application.

Generally speaking, the latter of these two sets of solutions to theabove-discussed tracking problem involves the suspension of scanning forbrief periods in order to assure that the scanning process does not pulltoo far ahead of the decoding process. The former of these two sets ofsolutions to the above-discussed tracking problem, on the other hand,involves the skipping over of one or more sets of scan data, in favor ofmore current scan data, if and to the extent necessary for trackingpurposes, in combination with the use of two or more scan data memoriesto minimize the quantity of scan data that is skipped.

Prior to the present invention, no consideration has been given toaccomplishing scan-decode tracking in conjunction with 1D/2Dautodiscrimination, i.e., as cooperating parts of a single coordinatedprocess. This is in spite of the fact that the 1D/2D autodiscriminationis known to involve heavy decoding loads of the type that give rise totracking problems. Thus, a need has existed for an optical reader thatcombines a powerful tracking capability with a powerful 1D/2Dautodiscrimination capability.

As new and/or improved 1D and 2D bar code symbologies, and as additional1D and 2D decoding programs come into widespread use, previously builtoptical readers may or may not be able to operate therewith. To theextent that they cannot operate therewith, such previously built opticalreaders will become increasingly obsolete and unusable.

Prior to the present invention, the problem of updating optical readersto accommodate new bar code symbologies and/or new decoding programs hasbeen dealt with by manually reprogramming the same. One approach toaccomplishing this reprogramming is to reprogram a reader locally, i.e.,on-site, by, for example, replacing a ROM chip. Another approach toaccomplishing this reprogramming is to return it to the manufacturer orhis service representative for off-site reprogramming. Because of theexpense of the former and the time delays of the latter, neither ofthese approaches may be practical or economical.

The above-described problem is compounded by the fact that, if anoptical reader is not equipped to operate as a tracking reader, it maynot be possible to reprogram it to use an autodiscrimination programthat is designed to be executed in conjunction with tracking. This isbecause the autodiscrimination program may include steps that requirethe tracking feature to prevent data from overflowing the scan memoryand being lost. Alternatively, the scan rate may be decreased, althoughthis reduction will adversely affect performance when low data contentsymbols are read. Thus, a need has existed for an optical reader thatcan be reprogrammed economically in a way that allows it to realize thefull benefit of the 1D/2D autodiscrimination and tracking features,among others.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An optical reader for reading decodable indicia is described. In oneembodiment, the optical reader can include an image sensor. In oneaspect, the optical reader can be configured to read decodable indiciain the form of bar codes. Particular methods and apparatus for readingdecodable indicia are described.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other objects and advantages will be apparent from the followingdescription and drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the reading apparatuswhich is generic to reading apparatuses which utilize 1D and 2D imagesensors;

FIGS. 2 and 3 are block diagrams of embodiments of the reading apparatuswhich utilize 2D and 1D image sensors, respectively;

FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C are oblique or partially cutaway views of the 2Dreading apparatus of FIG. 2;

FIGS. 4D, 4E, and 4F are oblique or partially cutaway views of analternative embodiment of the reader apparatus of FIG. 2;

FIGS. 4G, 4H, and 4I are oblique or partially cutaway views of anotheralternative embodiment of the reader apparatus of FIG. 2;

FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C are oblique or partially cutaway views of the 1Dreading apparatus of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6A is a flow chart of the main program of the reading apparatus;

FIG. 6B is a flow chart of a modified main program of the readingapparatus;

FIG. 7A shows the structure of one embodiment of a menu word or messagesuitable for use with the program of FIG. 6A;

FIGS. 7B and 7C are tables showing examples of the usages to whichvarious parts of the menu word of FIG. 7A may be put;

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of the menu routine shown in FIG. 6A;

FIGS. 8A-8D are examples of option symbol selection charts which may beused with the menuing feature;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a typical system with which the readingapparatus may be used;

FIG. 10A is a flow chart of a loading routine suitable for use;

FIG. 10B is a flow chart of a reprogramming routine suitable for use;

FIG. 11A is a flow diagram illustrating a primary program for a hostprocessor configured for reprogramming of, and for other interactionswith an optical reader;

FIGS. 11B, 11B (1) and 11B (2) show a flow diagram illustrating asubprogram for reprogramming an optical reader in communication with ahost processor;

FIG. 11C is a memory map for a memory space having stored thereon anoperating program comprising a main program and a parameter table;

FIGS. 11D, 11D (1) and 11D (2) show a flow diagram for a subprogramexecuted by a host processor for editing a parameter table;

FIG. 11E illustrates an exemplary parameter configuration screen;

FIG. 11F illustrates a flow diagram executed by a host processor forsimulating the results of applying editing commands to a decodedmessage.

FIG. 12 is a timing diagram which shows the scanning/decodingrelationship used by the prior art;

FIG. 13A through 13E are timing diagrams which illustrate various onesof the tracking relationships made possible;

FIG. 14 shows examples of memory structures that may be used inimplementing the tracking relationships shown in FIGS. 13A through 13E;

FIG. 15 is a simplified flow chart which illustrates the “Repeat UntilDone,” “Repeat Until Stopped,” and “One Shot” scanning-decoding modes;

FIG. 16 is a flow chart of one embodiment of the 1D portion of theautodiscrimination program;

FIGS. 17A through 17E are drawings which facilitate an understanding ofthe flow chart of FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 is a flow chart of one embodiment of the 2D portion of theautodiscrimination process;

FIGS. 19A through 19D show representative bar code symbols of types thatmay be decoded by the reading apparatus; and

FIG. 20 is a flow chart that illustrates the effect of the code optionsof the autodiscrimination process.

[Beginning of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 08/516,185, filed Aug. 18, 1995].

For a better understanding of these and other objects, reference is madeto the detailed description which is to be read in conjunction with thefollowing drawings, wherein:

FIG. 21 is a schematic-block diagram of a first embodiment of a reader;

FIG. 21A is a schematic-block diagram of a second embodiment of areader;

FIG. 22 shows a representative CCD scan cycle;

FIGS. 23A and 23B show timing diagrams illustrating the scanning anddecoding operations of a typical prior art optical reader under lightand heavy decoding loads, respectively;

FIG. 24A shows timing diagrams illustrating the scanning and decodingoperations of all embodiments under light decoding loads;

FIG. 24B illustrates the scanning and decoding operations of theembodiment described in prior U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,214 when operatingunder heavy decoding loads;

FIGS. 24C, 24D and 24E illustrate the scanning and decoding operationsof various embodiments described herein when operating under heavydecoding loads;

FIG. 25 shows memory and memory pointer structures which are suitablefor use with the embodiments of FIGS. 21 and 21A, respectively;

FIGS. 26 and 27 are flow charts illustrating the scanning and decodingphases, respectively, of a first embodiment; and

FIGS. 28 and 29 are flow charts illustrating the scanning and decodingphases, respectively, of a second embodiment.

[End of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/516,185, filed Aug. 18, 1995].

[Beginning of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 08/205,539, filed Mar. 4, 1994].

For a better understanding of these and other objects, reference is madeto the detailed description which is to be read in conjunction with thefollowing Drawing, wherein:

FIG. 30 is a block diagram representing the elements that constitute adecoded-output CCD scanner.

FIG. 31 shows a representative CCD scan cycle.

FIGS. 32A and 32B show schematically the operation of the prior art andthe instant reader in scanning under different load conditions.

FIG. 33 is a flow diagram showing the preferred embodiment of theinstant reader.

[End of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/205,539, filed Mar. 4, 1994].

[Beginning of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 08/504,643, filed Jul. 20, 1995].

FIG. 34 is a block diagram of a bar code reader suitable for use;

FIG. 35 shows an exemplary architecture for the PEROM program blockshown in FIG. 34;

FIG. 36 shows an exemplary architecture for the SRAM block of FIG. 34;

FIG. 37 shows a bar code reader with a shipping carton which bears both1D and 2D bar code symbols;

FIG. 38 shows the bar code reader being moved across a 2D bar codesymbol;

FIGS. 38-1, 38-2 and 38-3 show the contents of the image memory atvarious stages in the scanning of the symbol of FIG. 38;

FIG. 39 shows the relationship between the various representations ofdata read from a slice of a bar code symbol; and

FIGS. 40-42 are flow charts which illustrate the operation of a reader.

[End of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/504,643, filed Jul. 20, 1995].

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIG. 1 there is shown a block diagram of an optical reader10. As will be explained more fully later, FIG. 1 shows the basicstructures that together comprise the general form of an optical readerthat is suitable for use in practicing the present invention, and isgeneric to optical readers that use 1D image sensors and to opticalreaders that use 2D image sensors. Similarly, FIG. 2 shows the basicstructures that together comprise the general form of optical readersthat use 2D image sensors. Finally, FIG. 3 shows the basic structuresthat together comprise the general form of optical readers that use 1Dimage sensors. Since the present invention is equally applicable toreaders that use 1D or 2D image sensors, and to readers that use sensorsof either type to read both 1D and 2D symbols, it will be understoodthat, except where specifically limited to readers having 2D or 1D imagesensors, the present description refers generically to readers of any ofthe types shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3.

Referring first to FIG. 1, the optical reader of the invention includesan illumination assembly 20 for illuminating a target object T, such asa 1D or 2D bar code symbol, and an imaging assembly 30 for receiving animage of object T and generating an electrical output signal indicativeof the data optically encoded therein. Illumination assembly 20 may, forexample, include an illumination source assembly 22, such as one or moreLEDs, together with an illuminating optics assembly 24, such as one ormore reflectors, for directing light from light source 22 in thedirection of target object T. Illumination assembly 20 may beeliminated, if ambient light levels are certain to be high enough toallow high quality images of object T to be taken. Imaging assembly 30may include an image sensor 32, such as a 1D or 2D CCD, CMOS, NMOS,PMOS, CID or CMD solid state image sensor, together with an imagingoptics assembly 34 for receiving and focusing an image of object T ontoimage sensor 32. The array-based imaging assembly shown in FIG. 2 may bereplaced by a laser array or laser scanning based imaging assemblycomprising a laser source, a scanning mechanism, emit and receiveoptics, a photodetector and accompanying signal processing circuitry.

Optical reader 10 of FIG. 1 also includes programmable control means 40which preferably comprises an integrated circuit microprocessor 42 andan application specific integrated circuit or ASIC 44. Processor 42 andASIC 44 are both programmable control devices which are able to receive,output and process data in accordance with a stored program stored ineither or both of a read/write random access memory or RAM 45 and anerasable read only memory or EROM 46. Processor 42 and ASIC 44 are alsoboth connected to a common bus 48 through which program data and workingdata, including address data, may be received and transmitted in eitherdirection to any circuitry that is also connected thereto. Processor 42and ASIC 44 differ from one another, however, in how they are made andhow they are used.

More particularly, processor 42 is preferably a general purpose,off-the-shelf VLSI integrated circuit microprocessor which has overallcontrol of the circuitry of FIG. 1, but which devotes most of its timeto decoding image data stored in RAM 45 in accordance with program datastored in EROM 46. Processor 44, on the other hand, is preferably aspecial purpose VLSI integrated circuit, such as a programmable logic orgate array, which is programmed to devote its time to functions otherthan decoding image data, and thereby relieve processor 42 from theburden of performing these functions. The actual division of laborbetween processors 42 and 44 will naturally depend on the type ofoff-the-shelf microprocessors that are available, the type of imagesensor which is used, the rate at which image data is output by imagingassembly 30, etc. There is nothing in principle, however, that requiresthat any particular division of labor be made between processors 42 and44, or even that such a division be made at all. This is because specialpurpose processor 44 may be eliminated entirely if general purposeprocessor 42 is fast enough and powerful enough to perform all of thefunctions contemplated by the present invention. It will, therefore, beunderstood that neither the number of processors used, nor the divisionof labor therebetween, is of any fundamental significance for purposesof the present invention.

With processor architectures of the type shown in FIG. 1, a typicaldivision of labor between processors 42 and 44 will be as follows.Processor 42 is preferably devoted primarily to the tasks of decodingimage data, once such data has been stored in RAM 45, handling themenuing options and reprogramming functions, and providing overallsystem level coordination. Processor 44 is preferably devoted primarilyto controlling the image acquisition process, the A/D conversion processand the storage of image data, including the ability to access memories45 and 46 via a DMA channel. Processor 44 may also perform many timingand communication operations. Processor 44 may, for example, control theillumination of LEDs 22, the timing of image sensor 32 and ananalog-to-digital (A/D) converter 36, the transmission and reception ofdata to and from a processor external to reader 10, through an RS-232(or other) compatible I/O device 37 and the outputting of userperceptible data via an output device 38, such as a beeper, a good readLED and/or a display 39 which may be, for example, a liquid crystaldisplay. Control of output, display and I/O functions may also be sharedbetween processors 42 and 44, as suggested by bus driver I/O andoutput/display devices 37′ and 38′ or may be duplicated, as suggested bymicroprocessor serial I/O ports 42A and 42B and I/O and display devices37″ and 38′. As explained earlier, the specifics of this division oflabor is of no significance to the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a block diagram of an optical readerwhich is similar to that of FIG. 1, except that it includes opticaland/or electrical assemblies and circuits that are specifically designedfor use with a 2D image sensor. Accordingly, the optical and electricalassemblies and components of FIG. 2 are labeled with the same numbersused in FIG. 1, except for the addition of the suffix “−2”. For example,image sensor 32-2 of FIG. 2 is a 2D image sensor which corresponds togeneric image sensor 32 of FIG. 1, imaging optics assembly 34-2 of FIG.2 is a 2D imaging optics assembly which corresponds to generic imagingoptics assembly 34 of FIG. 1, and so on. In other words, correspondingelements of FIGS. 1 and 2 have corresponding functions, although theymay have different shapes and part numbers. Provided that thesedifferences are taken into account, however, the description of thereader of FIG. 1 is equally applicable to the reader of FIG. 2, and willnot be repeated herein.

One specific practical example of an optical reader of the type shown inFIG. 2 may be constructed using the particular commercially availablesolid-state integrated circuits listed in the following component table:

COMPONENT TABLE - FIG. 2 Block Diagram Item Manufacturer/Part NumberImage Sensor 32-2 VVL 1060B+ Prog. Gate Array 44-2 Actel 814V40AMicroprocessor 42-2 IDT 3081 EROM 46-2 Intel 28F400VB-B60 RAM 45-2Toshiba TC51V4265DFT-60

Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown a block diagram of an optical readerwhich is also similar to that of FIG. 1, except that it includes opticaland/or electrical assemblies and circuits that are specifically designedfor use with a 1D image sensor. Accordingly, the optical and electricalassemblies and components of FIG. 3 are labeled with the same numbersused in FIG. 1, except for the addition of the suffix “−3”. For example,image sensor 32-3 of FIG. 3 is a 1D image sensor which corresponds togeneric image sensor 32 of FIG. 1, imaging optics assembly 34-3 of FIG.3 is a 1D imaging optics assembly which corresponds to generic imagingoptics assembly 34 of FIG. 1, and so on. Provided that these differencesare taken into account, however, the description of the reader of FIG. 1is equally applicable to the reader of FIG. 3, and will not be repeatedherein.

One specific practical example of an optical reader of the type shown inFIG. 3 may be constructed using the particular solid-state circuitslisted in the following component table:

COMPONENT TABLE - FIG. 3 Block Diagram Item Manufacturer/Part NumberImage Sensor 32-3 Toshiba 1201 Prog. Gate Array 44-3 Welch Allyn21203276-01 Microprocessor 42-3 Motorola HC11 EROM 46-3 Atmel AT 29C257RAM 45-3 Sony CXK 5864-BM-10LL

Significantly, the above-mentioned structural correspondences betweenFIGS. 1, 2 and 3 should not be confused with the types of symbols thatmay be read thereby. More particularly, the 2D embodiment of FIG. 2 maybe used to scan and decode both 1D and 2D bar code symbols. This isbecause both types of symbols can be imaged by a 2D image sensor.Similarly, the 1D embodiment of FIG. 3 may also be used to scan anddecode both 1D and 2D bar code symbols. This is because a 1D imagesensor may be used to image a 2D bar code symbol, provided that it isphysically moved thereacross during the course of a scan. Becauseimaging of the latter type is described in detail in copending U.S.patent application Ser. No. 08/504,643, (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,806)which has been incorporated by reference herein, that type of imagingassembly will not be discussed again in full herein.

The reader structures shown in FIG. 2 are preferably supported on one ormore printed circuit boards (not shown) that are, in turn, supportedwithin a housing.

Examples of types of housings which may be employed to house elements ofthe reader apparatus shown in FIG. 2 are shown in FIGS. 4A through FIG.4I. FIGS. 4A through 4C show a first exemplary housing 50-2-1, FIGS. 4Dthrough 4F show a second exemplary housing 50-2-2, while FIGS. 4Gthrough 4I show a third exemplary housing 50-2-3. Housings 50-2-1,50-2-2, and 50-2-3 are preferably shaped so as to fit comfortably into ahuman hand, and to include a finger actuatable trigger, 52-2-1, 52-2-2,52-2-3. Housing 50-2-3 is shown as having an auxiliary trigger 52-2-3′which may supplement or replace trigger 52-2-3. Housings 50-2-1 and50-2-2 have extending therefrom multiconductor cable or tether 54-2-1,54-2-2, for providing communication with a local host processor, whereas50-2-3 housing has extending therefrom an antenna 55-2-3 for providing acommunication with a local host processor. It is seen further thathousings 50-2-2 and 50-2-3 have incorporated therein displays 56-2-2,56-2-3, for displaying information to a user, and a keyboard 58-2-2,58-2-3, for inputting data and commands to processor 40.

FIGS. 5A-5C show a housing 50-3 suitable for housing a 1D readerapparatus of the type described with reference to FIG. 3. Housing 50-3includes a finger actuatable trigger 52-3 and has extending therefrom acable 54-3 for providing communication with a local host processor.Although not shown as containing such features, it is understood thathousing 50-3 could readily be modified to include a display and akeyboard similar to those of 2D reader housings 50-2-2 and 50-2-3.

Main Program

The overall operation of the reader of FIG. 1 will now be described withreference to the flow chart of FIG. 6A. As will be explained more fullypresently, FIG. 6A comprises a high level flow chart which illustratesthe preferred embodiment of the main program of a reader which uses theapparatus and method of the invention. By “main program” is meant theprogram that illustrates the relationships between the majorsubdivisions or subroutines that together implement the above-describedfeatures of the invention. It also means the program that illustratesthe overall flow and sequence of operations that are responsible for theadvantages produced by the invention. Because FIG. 6A depicts theoperation of two processors 42 and 44, however, operations that appearto be occurring sequentially may actually be occurring “simultaneously”.Processor 44 may, for example, be imaging and storing newly scannedblocks of image data in RAM 45 while processor 42 is decoding blocks ofimage data that were stored in RAM 45 during earlier scans. This ispossible because the two processors are operating in different memoryspaces, in different time slots, or under the common control of a busarbitration device. As a result, while the processors can never use thesame memory or address space at the same time for conflicting purposes,they can be made to execute their respective programs sufficientlycooperatively and contemporaneously that they are effectively operatingsimultaneously. It is in this sense that the word “simultaneous” will beused herein.

Referring to FIG. 6A, the main program begins with block 605 whichcauses the reader to wait in a low power state until trigger 52 ispulled. When the trigger is pulled, the processor is directed to block610, which causes it to power up and initialize the reader hardware,including the ASIC, the DMA channel and the I/O devices, among others.The processor is then directed to blocks 615 and 620 which cause it todefine the image data memory space that will be used (block 615) and toinitialize the reader with the default values of the operatingparameters stored in the parameter table thereof (block 620).

The parameter table, which is preferably stored in EROM 46, specifiesthe values of the parameters that define the mode in which the readerwill operate. Examples of these parameters include the size and theframe rate of the image sensor, the codes that will be enabled duringautodiscrimination, the I/O communication protocols, beeper pitch orvolume, among others. The default values of these parameters are thosewhich will be used if the user or an externally generated reprogrammingcommand does not specify other values, and correspond to a combinationof parameters which are suitable for use under most operatingconditions. The different parameters that may be used with theinvention, and the effect that they have on the operation of the readerwill be discussed in detail later.

After the reader has been initialized, the processor proceeds to blocks625 and 627, which call for it to capture and attempt to decode an imageof the target symbol. This involves the performance of a number ofrelated steps, the particulars of which are determined by the parametersof the parameter table. Included among these steps are a scanningsubroutine which specifies the address space or spaces in which scandata will be stored and whether scanning is to be continuous (e.g., at afull video rate, such as 30 frames per second), or discontinuous (e.g.,with pauses related to the current state of the trigger). The operationof the decoding routine, which is executed in a user or factoryselectable relationship to the scanning routine, is governed byparameters which control the codes which are enabled for processing as apart of the autodiscrimination process, whether decoding is to becontinuous or discontinuous, etc. As will be explained more fully later,permitted combinations of scanning and decoding parameters togetherdefine the scanning-decoding relationships or modes which the readerwill use.

After exiting block 627, the processor is directed to block 630 which,if the decoding attempt was not successful, is directed back to block625 unless the trigger has been released (block 635) or unlessreprogramming request has been received (block 640), or unless a stop orno-repeat request is called for by the current operating mode of thereader (block 642). The loop defined by blocks 625-642 will be the pathrepeatedly followed by the processor when autodiscrimination sequencesare performed unsuccessfully, and no menuing or programming changes arecalled for, and no stop request is in effect. If this loop isinterrupted by the user's release of the trigger, or by a successfuldecode, or by a reprogram request, or by a stop request, the reader willbe directed by block 635 to stop and wait in a low power state untilfurther processing is called for.

In the above-described loop, block 642 serves the function of stoppingthe repetitive scanning and decoding of the target symbol in thosescanning-decoding modes or under those conditions in which a repetitionof scanning and/or decoding is not called for. In the One Shot mode, forexample, scanning and decoding are discontinued after one decodingattempt, whether or not that attempt is successful, without regard tothe state of the trigger. Similarly, in the Repeat Until Stopped mode,scanning and decoding may be discontinued either by command, via block642, or by the release of the trigger via block 635. Thus, block 642comprises at least a part of the means by which the reader gives effectto the scanning-decoding parameters of the parameter table.

If block 630 indicates that the last decoding attempt was successful,the processor is directed to a block 645 which calls for a determinationof whether the result of the decoding indicates that the decoded symbolwas or was not a menu symbol. This determination may be made on thebasis of results of the decoding, because all menu symbols are encodedwith data that identifies them as such during decoding. If the decodedsymbol is not a menu symbol, it is known that the symbol contained datathat is to be output by the reader. In the latter event, the processoris directed to block 646, which causes it to output the data and,proceed to block 647.

Block 647, like block 642, comprises part of the means by which thereader gives effect to the scanning-decoding modes called for by theparameter table. In particular, if decoding is successful (block 630)and has been output (block 646), block 647 discontinues scanning anddecoding if the Repeat Until Done mode is in effect. If any other modeis in effect, scanning and decoding will continue unless blocks 635, 640or 642 call for a different result.

If the decoded symbol is a menu symbol, block 645 directs the processorto perform the menuing routine called for by block 660 before returningto block 635. As will be explained more fully later in connection withFIG. 8, the latter routine enables the user to command the reader toperform any of a variety of different tasks, several of which includemaking user specified changes to the parameter table, thereby changingthe operating mode of the reader, and the performance of any of avariety of user specified vector processing routines that do not changethe parameter table. Once either of the latter tasks have beenperformed, the reader is directed to block 635, which causes it tocapture and attempt to decode another image, in accordance with theparameters indicated by the parameter table, unless instructed to thecontrary by blocks 635, 640 or 642. Optionally, the execution of menuroutine 660 may be followed by a direction back to block 647, asindicated by dotted line 648, and the resultant discontinuation ofscanning and decoding, if the reader is in its Repeat Until Done mode.

While reprogramming request block 640 has been described as beinglocated between blocks 635 and 625, it actually preferably represents anexternally generated interrupt request that may occur at any time thatthe reader is operating. Such a request may, for example, be initiatedby a local host processor via one of I/O devices 37, 37′ or 37″. It mayalso be initiated by a remotely located processor, via one of the latterI/O devices, through a suitable transmission line or computer network,as shown in FIG. 9. However the reprogramming request is initiated, itdirects the reader to execute the reprogramming routine called for byblock 670. As will be explained more fully in connection with FIG. 10A,this routine causes the reader to be reprogrammed, either in whole or inpart, thereby changing or updating the manner in which it operatesand/or the symbols which it attempts to decode.

Menuing

The menuing feature of the present invention will now be described withreference to FIGS. 7A through 7C, and the menuing flow chart shown inFIG. 8.

Turning first to FIG. 7A, there is shown the format for a menu messageor word 650 of the type used by the present invention. This menu wordwill ordinarily be produced as a result of the decoding of a menusymbol, selected by the user, from a collection of menu symbols printedin a User's Manual supplied with the reader, along with a description oftheir functions.

Menu word 650 begins with a first one-byte product identification (ID)code field 650-1 that identifies the type and/or model number of thereader. If the decoded product ID code indicates that it is compatiblewith the menuing program, execution of the menuing program continuesnormally. If it is not, the processor is caused to exit the menuingroutine without making any menu specified changes.

The next field 650-2 of menu word 650 specifies the op code thereof interms of a number from 0 to 7. This field specifies the operation to beperformed by the menu word. The meanings of these different op codes arelisted in FIG. 7C. Among these is op code “0”, an op code that specifiessome task that does not involve a direct change to the parameter table.Such operations will hereinafter be referred to as “vector processingoperations”. Exemplary ones of the tasks that may be requested pursuantto op code 0 are listed under headings A1 through A4 of FIG. 7C, whichtasks may be specified and differentiated from one another by the dataincluded in the data fields 650-3 through 650-7 which follow op codefield 650-2.

Specifically, the vector processing operations comprise selectable menuroutines. Vectors to these routines can be stored in a vector table. Thecontents of data field 650-3, “offset,” is an index to the vector tablerelative to the base address thereof. If the offset field includes 10bits, and only five of these bits are used as an index, then 32different vector values will be possible. In this case the remaining 5bits may be used for data.

The vector processing operations are preferably made selectable to auser by including respective menu bar code symbols in tables in theUser's Manual of the reader. The user may then select the desired vectorroutine by imaging the appropriate symbol. The manner in which such atable is used will be described later in connection with FIGS. 8Athrough 8D.

Among the vector processing operations which may be selected under opcode 0 are the following. Operation A1 calls for the reader to output,i.e., display or print, via the local host processor, or via anon-reader LCD display, the identity of the version of the softwarecurrently being used by the reader. Operation A2 calls for the reader tooutput the current contents of the parameter table. Operation A3 callsfor the reader to output the code options that are enabled, e.g., thetypes of symbols that the reader is to attempt to decode during theautodiscrimination process and whether or not a “multiple symbolsoption” has been enabled. Other options may also be defined as desired.

Operation A4 is a particularly powerful and desirable vector processingoperation which causes the printer of the local host processor to printa menu bar code symbol that contains all of the information necessary toinstruct another reader how it must be programmed if it is to operate inthe same manner as the current reader. This, in turn, enables the userto quickly set up the same (or another) reader to operate in a mannerthat would otherwise require the user to manually select an entiresequence of parameter table values. If it is used to set up otherreaders, the process of using such a menuing bar code symbol may bethought of as a “cloning” procedure, since it allows a multiplicity ofreaders to be identically configured.

The type of bar code symbol in which the parameter table is printed mustnaturally be in a bar code symbology in which the reader is able to bothencode (or write) data and decode (or read) data. Because the parametertable has a data content which may be too high to be encoded in many 1Dsymbologies, the menu symbol encoding the parameter table is preferablyencoded in a 2D bar code symbol. One 2D symbology which is particularlysuitable for use in encoding a menu bar code symbol of the subject typeis that developed by Welch Allyn, Inc. and referred to as the “Aztec”symbology. The manner in which data is encoded in accordance with theAztec symbology is described in detail in copending, commonly assignedU.S. Pat. No. 5,591,956, which is hereby expressly incorporated hereinby reference.

In addition to op code 0, menu word 650 also makes available op codes1-7, as shown in FIG. 7C. The latter op codes comprise simple commands,each of which specifies a change that is to be made at a particular partof the parameter table, using specified data, if required. Assuming thatparameter values are stored as bytes in respective addresses of thememory that are set aside for use as a parameter table, offset field650-3 will comprise an index to the parameter byte relative to the baseaddress of the table. The data or data mask that is to be used with thespecified offset is specified by the data contained in up to four 8 bitdata fields 650-4 through 650-7 of menu word 650.

Referring to FIG. 7C, for example, op code “1” specifies a “clear”operation. It directs the processor to the byte of the parameter tablethat is pointed to by the offset field, and uses the content of datafield 650-4, Data 0, to specify the bit mask that is to be used tospecify the bits to be cleared. Op code “6”, on the other hand,specifies a load operation. It directs the processor to the byte of theparameter table that is pointed to by the offset field, uses Data 0 asthe bit mask for the bits to be changed, and uses Data 1 as the new datafor those bits. Because the use of op codes of this type are known tothose skilled in the art, the use of these op codes will not bedescribed in detail herein.

In accordance with the invention, the parameter table is used to specifythe operating options that are made subject to the control of the user.Representative groups of such options are shown as headings A through Eof FIG. 7B, together with some of the options that may be selected underthose headings. One important group of those options are those that arelabeled as “code options” under heading B. Under this heading may befound the parameter table addresses that are set aside for use inspecifying the enabled/disabled states of the various decoding programsthat may be used during the autodiscrimination process of the invention.The parameter table addresses corresponding to options B1 and B2, forexample, may be set aside for specifying whether all 1D codes or all 2Dcodes are or are not to be used in an attempt to decode an unknownsymbol during autodiscrimination. Similarly, the parameter table addresscorresponding to option B3, may specify a particular bar code symbology,such as MaxiCode, that is to be enabled or disabled, i.e., specifywhether the autodiscrimination process is or is not to include anattempt to find a MaxiCode symbol in an image. In addition, theparameter table address corresponding to option B4 may indicate thatafter decoding, messages that are longer than a specified maximum lengthor shorter than a specified minimum length are not to be output.Depending on the application, this Mm-Max length option may be appliedon a symbology dependent basis, i.e., applied so that it is active withsome symbologies, but not with others, or may be applied on a symbologyindependent basis. Finally, the parameter table address corresponding tooption B5 specifies whether the Multiple Symbols option of the inventionis or is not to be used. The enablement of this option, which giveneffect by block 643 of FIG. 6A, calls for the reader to attempt todecode more than one symbol in the field of view of the reader withouthaving to acquire multiple images of that field of view. The types ofoptions selected for inclusion under heading B will vary fromapplication to application, and the present invention will be understoodnot to be restricted to any particular selection of such types.

The inclusion of user selectable code options as part of the menuingprocess of the invention has a significant effect on the overall datathroughput rate of the reader, i.e., on the time necessary to decode asymbol whose symbology is not known in advance. If, for example, it isknown that none of the symbols to be read during a series of readingscomprise 1D symbols of any type, or any subset of 1D symbols such asCodabar, Code 39 or Code 128, code options allow a user to direct thatany attempt to decode an unknown symbology according to thesesymbologies is to be skipped, thereby shortening the total timenecessary for the processor to decode the unknown symbol according tothe symbology which it does use. This skipping also reduces the chancesof a misread. If, on the other hand, it is known that all of the symbolsto be read during a series of reading operations are of one type, suchas Interleaved 2 of 5, all 2D decoding programs and all the decodingprograms for 1D symbologies other than interleaved 2 of 5 may bedisabled, thereby limiting all decoding attempts to a single 1Dsymbology. Thus, the menuing process of the invention allows theautodiscrimination process of the invention to be optimized so as toachieve the highest possible data throughput rate.

A second important group of options provided by the menuing process ofthe invention are those that are labeled as “Scanning-Decoding” Optionsunder heading C of FIG. 7B. Unlike the code options of heading B, thescanning-decoding options of heading C are not concerned with whichcodes are enabled or disabled, but rather with the relationships whichwill be allowed to exist between scanning and decoding. The parametertable address corresponding to option C1, for example, may be used tospecify that the reader operate in a “One Shot” scanning-decoding mode.In this “One Shot” mode the reader will scan and attempt to decode onebar code symbol each time that the trigger is depressed and then stop.The address spaces corresponding to scanning-decoding modes C2 and C3,on the other hand, may be used to specify that the reader operate in a“Repeat Until Done” (RUD) or “Repeat Until Stopped” (RUS)scanning-decoding mode. In these modes, the reader will scan repeatedlyand attempt to decode repeatedly until there is a successful decode(RUD), or until requested to stop whether or not there is a successfuldecode (RUS). Scanning-decoding modes C1-C3 are preferably made userselectable by including suitable menu symbols in the User's Manual.

Also included among the scanning-decoding modes of the invention are thetracking modes listed under headings C4-C6 of FIG. 7B. Of these, theScan On Demand (SOD) mode C4, when enabled, causes decoding to proceedcontinuously while scanning is started and stopped as necessary tomaintain a tracking relationship between scanning and decoding. SkipScan (SS) scanning-decoding mode C5, when enabled, causes the results ofolder scans to be discarded in favor of more current scans when and asnecessary to maintain the desired tracking relationship between scanningand decoding operations. Finally, Decode On Demand (DOD)scanning-decoding mode C6, when enabled, causes scanning to proceedcontinuously while decoding is started or stopped as necessary tomaintain a tracking relationship between scanning and decoding. Theparticular one of these tracking modes that will be used is preferablyset during manufacture, based on the amount of image data memory that ispresent within the reader, and not changed thereafter. There is noreason in principle, however, why tracking options C4-C6 cannot be madeuser selectable as, for example, by the inclusion of suitable menusymbols in the User's Manual.

The availability of the SOD, SS and DOD tracking modes among thescanning-decoding options that may be selected during the factoryprogramming of the reader is beneficial since it allows the datathroughput rate of the reader to be optimized in view of the amount ofmemory that is available within the reader. At the same time, becauseoperation in all of these modes may be disabled during operation in theOne Shot, Repeat Until Done, or Repeat Until Stopped modes, the readeris able to operate in accordance with the non-tracking variants of thesemodes when such operation is preferred. One condition under which suchoperation may be preferred is one in which scanning while decoding isslow as a result of the time sharing, of a bus. Thus, the reader of thisinvention combines flexibility of use with time-optimized use of thescanning and memory resources of the reader.

As will be explained more fully later, the RUD and RUS modes may be usedeither with or without one of the above-described tracking modes. Thisis because repetition is a necessary but not a sufficient preconditionto the use of the tracking modes of the invention. Accordingly, if theRUD or RUS mode is not used in conjunction with a tracking mode it willcomprise a non-tracking mode. If the RUD or RUS mode is used inconjunction with a tracking mode it will comprise a tracking mode.

Other groups of options that are provided by the menuing feature of theinvention include those that are set aside under headings A, D and E ofFIG. 7B. Of these Communication Options, heading A, is associated withparameter table addresses that correspond to various communication modesthat may be used by the reader. Included among these options are A1, anoption that enables/disables RS-232 communication through an I/O device(such as I/O 37, 37′, etc.), A2 which specifies the baud rate of theselected communications mode, and A3 which enables/disables the RF linkthat the reader may use in place of multi-conductor cable 54-2 of FIGS.4A-4C. Option A4 is an example of a network option which specifies thetype of computer network with which the reader is to operate, in thiscase ETHERNET, although other types may also be provided for.

Similarly, heading D is associated with parameter table addresses thatcorrespond to various miscellaneous operating options that may beselected by the user. Included among these options are D1 whichenables/disables the beeper and allows the volume thereof to beadjusted, D2 which enables/disables the use of an aiming LED, and D3which enables/disables the provision of aural feedback to the user,among others. An example of a reader which provides aural feedback isdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,409.

Heading E is associated with parameter table addresses that correspondto various transmission options that may be selected by the user.Included among these options are E1 and E2, which enable/disable theoutputting of check characters or checksum data with decoded data, andE3 which enable data edit options such as adding a carriage returnand/or a line feed and/or other ASCII characters to the decoding data.Options E1 and E2 are useful, for example, in the localization andidentification of hardware or software failures during the servicing ofthe reader. Option E3 is useful in placing decoded data in a formsuitable for use with an application program.

Heading F is associated with parameter table addresses that correspondto various message editing commands for editing the form of charactersin a decoded message. These commands may be, for example, search andreplace commands (option F1), commands to insert characters (option F2),commands to delete characters from a decoded message (option F3), orother commands.

Heading G, meanwhile, is associated with parameter table addresses thatcorrespond to commands for adding prefixes or suffixes, of a selectablecharacter length, to a decoded message. Prefixes and suffixes are addedto messages so that the host processor can identify the source of, orother characteristics of received messages. Option G1 allows addition ofa prefix to a decoded message while option G2 allows addition of asuffix to a decoded message.

In view of the foregoing, it will be seen that the menuing process ofthe invention provides a wide range of user selectable functions andmodes that allow the reader to be tailored to a user's specificapplication and/or preferences. Among these, the code options and thescanning-decoding options in particular, allow a user to reconfigure theoperation of the reader in ways that have not heretofore been possibleand thereby substantially increase the flexibility and overall datathroughput rate of readers that practice the present invention.

The manner in which the invention can be updated to accomplish theabove-described results will now be described with reference to the flowchart of FIG. 8, which shows the steps included within menu routineblock 660 of FIG. 6A. The menu routine of FIG. 8 begins with a block 805which causes the processor to convert the decoded menu symbol messageinto hexadecimal form. This has the effect of formatting the message sothat the fields of the menu word are expressed as pairs of hexadecimaldigits. Once this has been done the processor examines the product IDcode to verify that it is compatible with the reader being menued. If itis not, the processor is directed to exit the menuing routine andcontinue scanning. If it is, the processor is directed to block 810which distinguishes those menu messages which contain op codes fromthose which contain numerical data but no op codes. If there is no opcode, the processor is directed to block 815, which causes it to collectin an accumulator all of the digits of the message for later use beforeproceeding to block 850. An example of numerical data without an op codecomprises the minimum or maximum length of the messages that are to beoutput under code option B4.

If the menu message contains an op code, and the op code is other than0, the processor is directed, via block 820, to a block 825. The latterblock causes it to make the parameter table changes called for by the opcode and the associated offset and data fields, sets a “flash” flag toindicate that changes have been made and then proceeds to block 850.This has the effect of implementing the user selected changes in themenuing options discussed previously in connection with FIG. 7B. Suchchanges will ordinarily be made in a copy of the parameter table that isstored in RAM 45, and then later transferred to EROM 46.

If the menu message contains an op code of 0, the processor is directed,via block 820, to a block 830. The latter block causes the processor toperform the vector processing operation indicated by the remainder ofthe message. This operation will comprise one of the operationsdiscussed previously in connection with items A1 through A4 of FIG. 7C,among others, before proceeding to block 850.

In view of the foregoing, it will be seen that, when the processorarrives at block 850 it will have taken all required numerical data,performed all required parameter table modifications, or performed allrequired vector processing operations. As will now be explained, theremainder of the flow chart of FIG. 8 is directed to storing asemi-permanent copy of the parameter table in EROM 46.

If, on arriving at block 850, the processor finds that the “flash” flaghas not been set, it knows that the contents of the parameter table havenot been changed and, consequently, that no updated copy thereof needsto be stored in EROM 46. Under this condition, the processor is directedto simply return to the main program of FIG. 6A. If, on arriving atblock 850, the processor finds that the “flash” flag has been set,however, it knows that the contents of the parameter table have beenchanged and, consequently, that an updated copy thereof needs to bestored in EROM 46. Under this condition, the processor is directed toblocks 855, 860 and 865, which defines the steps necessary to store thisupdated copy.

In accordance with block 855, the processor is instructed to copy fromEROM 46 to RAM 45, the program instructions (flash routine) necessary tocopy the parameter table from RAM to EROM. The copying of the flashroutine to RAM is necessary because the EROM cannot be written to whenthe apparatus is reading or operating from the EROM. Once the flashroutine has been copied to RAM 45, the processor is directed to jump toRAM to begin executing that routine. As it does so it is directed, viablock 860, to erase the old (unchanged) parameter table from EROM 46.Per block 865, it then copies new (changed) parameter table from RAM 45to EROM 46. Once this has been done, the processor is directed back tothe main program of FIG. 6A to begin operating in accordance with theoperating mode specified by its new parameter table. Thus, theperformance of the steps called for by blocks 855-865, when called forby block 850, has the effect of partially reprogramming the reader sothat it operates in the manner indicated by the last menuing symbolsselected by the user.

Referring to FIGS. 8A-8D, there are shown examples of menu symbolselection charts of the type that may be used with the presentinvention. Referring first to FIG. 8A, there are shown two parts of anoption selection or menu chart that is used to enable and disable twoexemplary 1D bar code symbologies, namely: Code 128 and UPC A. If a userwants to enable the decoding of Code 128 symbols, he need only imagemenu symbol 802 which, in the present example, is a 2D bar code symbolexpressed in the Aztec bar code symbology. Conversely, if a user wantsto disable the decoding of Code 128 symbols, he need only image menusymbol 804. Similarly, imaging symbols 806 or 808 enables or disablesthe decoding of UPC A symbols. Advantageously, the change called for bythe user is accomplished as the result of a single imaging step, ratherthan as a result of multiple imaging steps.

Referring to FIG. 8B, there are shown two parts of an option selectionchart that is used to select the desired one of the baud rates that maybe used by the reader's I/O devices. A user chooses the desired one ofthe exemplary 1200, 9600, 19200 and 38400 baud rates by simply imagingthe corresponding ones of menu symbols 812 through 818. Again, thechange is accomplished as the result of a single imaging step.

The fact that the above-discussed examples of menu selections make useof menu symbols that use the Aztec 2D symbology is not essential to thepractice of the invention. Other 2D or 1D menu symbol symbologies couldalso have been used, if desired, as will be seen from the followingdiscussion of FIGS. 8C and 8D. What is important is that the symbologyused for the menu symbols be the one that is correct for the modelindicated by the product ID field of the menu word. In the case of FIGS.8A and 8B, the illustrated menu symbol symbology is that which is usedby the IMAGETEAM™ Model 4400 reader manufactured by Welch Allyn, Inc.

Referring to FIG. 8C, there are shown exemplary parts of the optionselection or menu chart that can be used with Welch Allyn SCANTEAM®readers. In FIG. 8C, symbol 822 is an example of a menu symbol that, ifimaged, causes all Code 11 and Code 128 settings to assume their defaultvalues. Symbols 824 to 836 are examples of menu symbols that allow Code11 options to be enabled and disabled on an individual basis. Similarly,symbols 848 to 856 are examples of menu symbols that allow Code 128options to be enabled and disabled on an individual basis.

Referring to FIG. 8D, there are shown further exemplary parts of theoption selection or menu chart that may also be used with Welch AllynSCANTEAM® readers. In FIG. 8D symbol 858 is an example of a menu symbolthat, if imaged, causes the settings for one of the RS-232 ports of thereader to assume their default values. Symbols 862 and 864 are examplesof menu symbols that enable and disable a CTS check selection feature.Finally, symbols 866 through 884 are examples of menu symbols that allowany of a number of different baud rate selections to be made. Onceagain, the present invention allows all of these menu selections to bemade by means of a single step selection process.

Because fuller information concerning the menu options contemplated bythe present invention, and their uses is contained in the User's Manualfor the above identified readers, these menu options will not bediscussed further herein.

Reprogramming

In accordance with another feature of the apparatus and method of theinvention, the reader may be reprogrammed to operate in accordance withan entirely new application program. This means that the reader may notonly be provided with a new or updated decoding program, or a newparameter table, it may also be provided with one or both of a newmenuing routine and a new main program. As a result, a reader may beeffectively reconfigured as a new reader, with new capabilities andfeatures, as often as necessary to keep it up to date with the latestdevelopments in optical reader technology. Advantageously, thisreprogramming may be accomplished either locally as, for example, by alocal host processor equipped with a diskette or CD-ROM drive, orremotely by a distant processor that is coupled to the reader via asuitable telephone or other transmission line or via a computer networkor bulletin board.

The reprogramming feature of the invention will now be described withreference to the system block diagram of FIG. 9 and the reprogrammingflow chart of FIG. 10A. Referring first to FIG. 9 there is shown areader 10, of the type shown in FIG. 4 or 5, which is coupled to a localhost processor 900 by means of multi-conductor flexible cable 54. Thereader may also comprise a cordless battery powered reader 10′ which iscoupled to a host processor 900 via a suitable RF link includingantennae 905 and 910 and an RF interface module 915. Host processor 900is preferably equipped with a display 930 by which the results of thepreviously described vector processing operations may be displayed, andwith a printer 940 by which the previously described menuing bar codesymbol may be printed. As used herein, the term “local host processor”will be understood to include both stand alone host processors and hostprocessors which comprise only one part of a local computer system.

If the new reader program is available locally as, for example, on adiskette or CD-ROM, it may be loaded into reader 10 or 10′ using asuitable drive unit 920, under the control of a keyboard 925 and thereprogramming routine shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B. In addition to driveunit 920, processor is typically in communication with a read onlyprogram storage device such as a ROM 921 and a read/write storage devicesuch as a RAM 922. If the new reader program is available at a remotelylocated processor 950, it may be loaded into reader 10 or 10′ through asuitable transmission link 955, such an electrical conductor link, afiber optic link, or a wireless transmission link through a suitablecommunication interface 960, such as a modem. As used herein, the term“transmission link” will be understood to refer broadly to any type oftransmission facility, including an RS-232 capable telephone line, ascalled for by communication option A1 of FIG. 7B, an RF link, as calledfor by communication option A3 of FIG. 7B, or a computer network, e.g.,ETHERNET, as called for by communication option A4 of FIG. 7B, althoughother types of transmission links or networks may also be used. Forexample, transmission link 955 could be provided by a coaxial cable orany other non-RF electromagnetic energy communication link including alight energy infrared or microwave communication link Link 955 couldalso be an acoustic communications link. Additional communicationoptions include a baud rate option A2 which allows different baud ratesto be selected.

The manner in which the reader of the invention may be made to performany of a variety of different externally specified functions, includingreprogramming itself, will now be described with reference to the flowcharts of FIGS. 10A and 10B. As will be explained more fully presently,the flow chart of FIG. 10A is a flow chart by which a programoriginating outside of the reader may be loaded into the reader forexecution thereby. One example of such an externally originated programis the reprogramming program shown in FIG. 10B. Other examples of suchexternally originated programs may include diagnostic or test programs,among others.

Turning first to FIG. 10A, this flow chart is entered when the readerreceives an externally generated command, such as the six charactersequence BBOOTT, which it is programmed to recognize and respond to.This command may be initiated either by a local or a remotely locatedprocessor and transmitted to the reader via any of the I/O devices shownin FIG. 1. It may, for example, be initiated by the local host processorvia keyboard 945 or by remote processor 950. This command may be giveneffect as an interrupt request and recognized as such by decision block1005 of FIG. 10A. It will be understood that while interrupt block 1005is shown in FIG. 10A, it may in fact be located at any point within themain program of the reader.

Once the BBOOTT command has been received and acted on, the processorenters a loading loop including blocks 1007 through 1020. This loadingloop causes the processor to load a program into RAM, one line at atime, in conformity with any suitable communication protocol, until thelast line of code is detected via block 1020. When the latter hasoccurred, the processor is directed to block 1025, which causes it tojump to the newly received program and to begin executing the samebefore returning to the main program.

Referring to FIG. 10B, there is shown an exemplary flow chart for areprogramming routine suitable for use in reprogramming the reader tooperate with new or different decoding programs, and or new or differentmenuing programs, among others. This program is an example of a programwhich may be executed as a result of the execution of the loading loop1007-1020 of FIG. 10A, and which begins to be executed as the processorenters block 1025 of FIG. 10A.

On executing the reprogramming flow chart of FIG. 10B, the device loadsthe program that is intended to replace all or part of the programcurrently stored in EROM. This process begins as the processorencounters block 1035, which directs it to wait until a line ofexternally generated code is received. As each line of code is received,it is first checked for correctness (e.g. checksum), as called for byblock 1040 and, if an error is found, sends a negative acknowledgmentsignal to the sending processor per block 1045. Each time that a correctline of code is received, the flow loops back for additional lines untilthe last line of the current file has been correctly read, as called forby block 1050. Since the last line of the file does not contain programdata, and cannot occur until all blocks of program data have beenprocessed, block 1050 will direct the processor to block 1060, unlessand until all blocks of program data have been received and stored inEROM 46, and then cause it to return to the main program of FIG. 6A viaexit block 1055.

If the processor has not exited the reprogramming routine of FIG. 10Bper blocks 1050 and 1055, block 1060 will cause it to determine if thelast received line indicated that a new block has begun. If it has, theprocessor is directed to block 1065, which causes it to erase that newblock of EROM before continuing to block 1070 and storing that lastreceived line therein. If it has not, block 1070 will cause theprocessor to store the last received line to the last erased block ofEROM. If this line has been successfully stored, as determined by block1075, the processor will acknowledge that fact per block 1077 and loopback for another line.

If, however, any line of data has not been successfully stored, block1075 will direct the processor to a block 1080 which causes it to outputan error message and exit the program. If the latter occurs, thereprogramming routine as a whole must be repeated. If the latter doesnot occur, the above-described process will continue line-after-line,block-after-block, until the entire file has been successfullytransferred.

In view of the foregoing, it will be seen that the effect of thereprogramming routine of FIG. 10B is to attempt to reprogram part or allof EROM 46 as requested, or to continuing the attempt to do so until iteither succeeds or fails. To the extent that the reader is reprogrammed,it will effectively become a new or updated reader. This is not onlybecause this reprogramming can not only modify the parameter table, itcan also modify the decoding or other programs referenced by theparameter table and the menuing program itself. Thus, the reprogrammingfeature can not only change the manner in which the reader operates, itcan also change the manner in which the operation of the reader can bemodified in the future.

With the use of the above-described reprogramming feature, the reader ofthe invention may be kept current with the latest available programsthat are suitable for use therewith. A user at local processor 900 may,for example, communicate with remote processor 950, via keyboard 925,and determine if new programmable features are available. If they are,he may obtain them from the remote process and download them locally, orrequest that the remote processor download them directly to the reader.Alternatively, the remote processor may initiate the reprogramming ofthe reader independently as, for example, pursuant to a service contractor updating service. It will be understood that all such embodiments arewithin the contemplation of the present invention.

Local Host and Reader System Operations

As has been described hereinabove, reprogramming of a reader may beaccomplished with use of a local host processor. This section describesadditional features of a system comprising a local host processor 900and a reader 10 according to the invention, and more particularlydescribes features and additional system operations that are realized byvarious interaction between host processor 900 and reader 10, and incertain applications by a host processor 900 that is not incommunication with a reader 10.

A flow diagram illustrating the primary program for operating a localhost processor for use in controlling a reader is shown in FIG. 11A. Byexecuting block 1102 host processor causes to be displayed on a displaymonitor 930 a subprogram option screen. The subprogram option screendisplays various subprogram options for a user to select. Selection ofone subprogram option causes a series of instructions pertaining to thatparticular option to be executed by local host processor 900. Thesesubprograms of a host primary program controlling local host processormay include, for example, a subprogram for reprogramming a reader; asubprogram for uploading parameter information from a reader to host, orinformation pertaining to a main program presently operating a reader; asubprogram for instructing a reader to perform self-diagnostic testing;a subprogram for determining the reader's main program revision level; asubprogram for outputting parameter table information, possibly toauxiliary readers; a subprogram for editing parameters of a parametertable; a subprogram for simulating the result of applying editingcommands to a decoded message; and a subprogram for displaying barcodesymbols for scanning by a reader.

A flow diagram illustrating a subprogram for reprogramming of a reader10 by control of a local host processor is shown in FIG. 11B. WhereasFIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate instructions executed by processor 40 ofreader 10 for providing reprogramming of a reader, FIG. 11B illustratesinstructions executed by local host processor for providingreprogramming of a reader.

At block 1110 host processor 900 displays a main reprogramming screen ondisplay monitor 930. The main reprogramming screen prompts a user todesignate a source for an operating program. The source designated istypically a bulk storage device such as a hard or floppy disk drive butalso may be, for example, a RAM or ROM storage device. When the sourceis selected, host processor 900 displays on display monitor 930indicators of the operating programs, or files, that are available inthe storage device source selected (block 1114) and a user selects oneof the operating programs. Some available operating programs compriseentire main programs and entire parameter tables for loading intoreader, whereas other available operating programs include onlyparameter tables which may be customized parameter tables created by auser during execution of a parameter table editing subprogram.

When a user selects a source for an operating program, and selects adesired operating program, downloading of the operating programproceeds. At block 1116 host processor determines whether a reader isconnected to the host processor communications link, normally byserially transmitting a device detection command to a reader, which hasbeen previously programmed to transmit an acknowledge response messageon the reception of a detection command.

If a reader is connected to host processor 900 then host processor atblock 1118 sends an identification command to reader 10 which ispreviously programmed to transmit an identification response on thereception of an identification command. After receiving theidentification response and comparing the response to the selectedoperating program at block 1120 processor at block 1122 determineswhether the reader is of a type which is compatible with the selectedoperating program. An operating program is compatible with a reader incommunication with host processor if the operating program isspecifically adapted for that reader's unique hardware configuration.Bar code readers of various types have different hardware componentsincluding different memory devices, image sensors, input/output devices,and other components. The selected operating program must be in a formenabling it to communicate with the particular hardware components ofthe presently connected reader.

If the selected operating program is compatible with the present reader,the host processor at block 1126 determines if the operating program isa parameter-only type operating program or an operating program thatcomprises a main program and a parameter table. This determination canbe made, for example, by reading the contents of a DOC type file whichis made to be read by processor 900 when an operating program is read,and which is made to include an identifier as to whether the operatingprogram is of a type which includes a main program and parameter table;by reading the contents of a predetermined address of the operatingprogram which is made to include an identifier as to the type ofoperating program; or by reading predetermined addresses of an operatingprogram designated for storing a main program and basing thedetermination on whether instructions are present in the designateaddresses.

A memory map for a typical operating program in accordance with theinvention is shown in FIG. 11C. When an operating program is stored in amemory device, which may be, for example EROM 46 of reader 10, or a diskdrive 920 or other storage device associated with host processor 900 aplurality of first predetermined address locations, e.g. 000 to 5000 ofthe storage device are designated for storing parameters of the mainprogram, while a plurality of second predetermined address locationse.g. 8000 to 9000 are designated for storing instructions of a parametertable. The beginning and end addresses of the parameter table may changefrom operating program to operating program. However, the parameters ofeach parameter table are in identical locations with respect to thebeginning address.

When host processor 900 determines at step 1126 that the selectedoperating program includes a main program then program control proceedsto step 1130 wherein processor transmits the contents of the selectedoperating program into EROM 46 of reader 10. If host processor 900determines at block 1126 that the selected operating program is aparameter only type operating program then host processor 900 firstqueries EROM 46 to determine the begin and end address locations of theparameter table of the operating program currently stored in EROM. Tothis end host processor 900 at block 1130 polls the contents of a vectorpointer table 1134 in predetermined address locations of EROM. Describedpreviously herein vector pointer table 1134 comprises the beginning andend addresses of the parameter table. After vector pointer table ispolled, host processor 900 stores the address location of the presentparameter table, modifies the parameter table address of the selectedparameter-only operating table in accordance with the parameter tableaddresses of the existing parameter table (block 1136) and writes thecontents of the parameter table address locations of the modifiedparameter-only type operating program into EROM 46 (block 1140).

If processor 900 determines at block 1126 that the selected operatingprogram is of the type having a main program and a parameter table, thenprocessor 900 at block 1144 prompts the user whether the user would liketo save the contents of a parameter table of the operating programcurrently stored in EROM 46 of reader 10; that is, utilize theparameters of the current operating program in the operation of a readerthat is programmed to have a new main program. If the user respondsaffirmatively, then processor 900 reads the contents of the existingparameter table (block 1150) after first polling the vector pointertable and then writes, at block 1152, the contents of the existingparameter table in a predetermined holding address location of a storagedevice associated with processor 900 or reader 10.

The selected operating table is then written into EROM 46 at block 1140,line by line, until loading is complete. If the user had requested atblock 1144 to save the contents of the original parameter table (adetermination made at block 1153), then processor 900 writes thecontents of the parameter table stored in a holding address location tothe appropriate parameter address locations of EROM at block 1154, afterdetermining the address locations of the parameter table at block 1156.

Referring again to the primary host processor program shown in FIG. 11A,another subprogram which can be selected from subprogram option screendisplayed at block 1102 is a subprogram for editing a parameter tablevia host processor control. An important feature available in thissubprogram is that the subprogram allows a user to edit a parametertable read from a memory location of processor 900 or reader 10 withoutthere being a reader currently in communication with processor 900, thusimproving the convenience of operation.

As discussed previously with reference to FIG. 7B, a parameter table isused to specify operating options that are subject to the control of theuser. During execution of instructions of a reader's main program storedin a first predetermined memory locations of a storage device,parameters of a parameter table, which is stored in a secondpredetermined set of memory address locations of a storage device, arecalled up with use of lookup type instruction as exemplified byrepresentative lookup instruction (in pseudocode) 1160 shown in FIG.11C. Parameters of a parameter table may be, for example, communicationsoption parameters (subheading A), code option parameters (subheading B),scanning-decoding option parameters (subheading C), operating optionparameters (subheading D), transmit option parameters (subheading E),data formatter command parameters (subheading F) prefix/suffixparameters (subheading G), or other types of parameters.

A flow diagram for a parameter table editing subprogram is shown withreference to FIG. 11D. At block 1162 processor 900 determines if areader is in communication with processor 900 in the fashion describedpreviously with reference to block 1116 of FIG. 11B. If a reader ispresent, processor 900 at block 1166 reads the parameter table presentlystored in EROM 46 (after determining the table's location), along with alist of analog waveform outputs from another predetermined memorylocation from EROM 46. A list of possible types of analog waveformoutputs a reader may be configured to generate allowing the reader totransmit data to various types of terminals is stored in a predeterminedwaveform list memory location. The waveform list memory location may bedetermined by querying vector pointer table 1134. A specific one type ofwaveform output from the list of available outputs is selected bycontrol of a parameter of parameter table, typically stored in anaddress location corresponding to Communications Options (Heading A)type parameters described previously with reference to FIG. 7B.Processor 900 at block 1116 stores the parameter table and the list ofanalog waveform outputs in a temporary storage device associated withprocessor 900 such as a RAM.

In the embodiment shown, the parameter table editing subprogram isconfigured by default to edit the existing parameter table stored inEROM of the connected reader if a reader is present. It will berecognized, however, that the editing subprogram can also be configuredto query the user as to whether the user wishes to edit the parametertable currently stored in reader EROM 46, or another candidate parametertable typically stored in a bulk storage device associated withprocessor 900.

If a reader is not in communication with processor 900, continuing withreference to the flow diagram shown, then processor at block 1168prompts the user to select a reader for which the user wishes to edit aparameter table and once a type of reader is selected, a defaultparameter table associated with that reader type is written in to atemporary storage device of processor 900 typically provided by a RAMdevice.

At the termination of block 1168 or block 1166 if a reader is connected,a parameter configuration screen is displayed to a user, at block 1169,an exemplary embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 11E. Typically, a userwill edit certain parameters from the parameter table which the userwishes to change, and then, when editing is complete, a user will selectan available output option from the parameter configuration screen. Theoutput options available to a user may include writing an editedparameter table to a connected reader; writing an edited parameter tableto a bulk storage device; displaying an edited parameter table; orprinting an edited parameter table.

Until an output option is selected, the user typically edits variousparameters the user wishes to change as shown in blocks 1170 and 1172.Selection of one parameter type option, e.g. code or symbology optionparameter 1174 causes a secondary editing screen to appear allowingediting of parameters of the selected parameter type. When editingpertaining to one or several parameter types is complete then programreverts back to parameter configuration screen at block 1169, allowinguser to select an output option.

If a user selects the write output option (block 1176), the editedparameter table is written to, or downloaded to reader EROM in thefashion described previously with reference to block 1140 of FIG. 11B.If a user selects the store-to-disc option (block 1178) then the editedparameter table is written to an address location of a bulk storagedevice such as a hard drive or floppy disc. If a user selects thedisplay option (block 1180) then processor 900 causes the complete orpartial contents of the edited parameter table to be printed on displayscreen associated with host processor 900. If a user selects the printoption (block 1182) then processor 900 causes the complete or partialcontents of the edited parameter table to be printed by a printer device940 in communication with processor 900.

Another output option available to a user is to compare two or moreparameter tables. If this option is selected (block 1184) then the useris requested at block 1186 to select parameter tables from memorylocations (which may be memory location associated with processor 900 orwith reader 10). When parameter tables have been selected, processor 900at block 1186 compares the selected parameter tables. In general, thecomparison is carried out by a compare function applied after an offsetbetween the files is accounted for. Processor 900 then outputs theresults of the comparison at block 1188, typically by displaying thecomparison results on screen 930, or printing the comparison resultsusing printer 940.

One specialized output option of the invention allows the user to createprogramming menu symbols whose general features have described withreference to FIG. 7A through 7C, and 8. The menu symbols created by theoutput option can be used to reprogram readers reading the createdsymbols in accordance with the changes made to a parameter table madeduring execution of the parameter table subprogram. Described as aroutine executed during a parameter table editing subprogram, the menusymbol output option can be conveniently implemented as a separatesubprogram.

When a menu symbol output option is selected at block 1189, processor900 determines at block 1202, by reading a reader identifier, whetherthe reader designated for receipt of the edited parameter table includesa one dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) image sensor.

If the reader includes a one dimensional image sensor, then processor900 creates a series of linear bar codes which may be used forreprogramming several readers. Specifically, if the designated readerincludes a one dimensional image sensor then processor 900 at block 1204creates a first linear menu symbol adapted to generate an instructioncausing the reader reading the symbol to change parameter table valuesof the reader's EROM to default values. Then, at block 1206 processor900 creates a distinct linear programming menu symbol for each parameterof the parameter table that is changed during the editing process from adefault value. An important feature of the invention is described withreference to block 1208. When the series of menu symbols is created, thecreated symbols may be printed on paper by printer 940 according to aconventional protocol, or else displayed on display device 930,typically a CRT monitor. The term created symbols herein refers tobinary encoded data stored in a memory space which result in an actualsymbol being output when the data is written to a display device orprinter. An unlimited number of bar code readers may be reprogrammed byreading the menu symbols that are displayed on the display device 930.Displaying the created menu symbols on a display device allows rapidoutput of created symbols and eliminates the need to supply a papersubstrate each time a menu symbol is output.

If the reader designated for reprogramming includes a 2D image sensor,then processor 900 at block 1210 need only create one 2D menu symbol inorder to cause reprogramming of the designated reader in accordance withthe changes made to a parameter table even in the case where multiplechanges to the parameter table are made. This is so because an increasednumber of instructions may be encoded in a symbol of a 2D symbologytype.

Another subprogram which may be selected from a subprogram option screendisplayed at block 1102 is a subprogram for simulating the result ofapplying editing commands to a decoded message. As discussed previously,editing commands may be applied to decoded messages by entry of thecommands to a parameter table in parameter table addresses correspondingto heading H of FIG. 7B. Without an editing command simulationsubprogram, it would be necessary to decode a symbol with use of reader10 in order to observe the result of applying the editing commands. Theefficiency and convenience advantages of the editing command simulationsubprogram therefore should be clear to those skilled in the art.

An exemplary flow diagram for an editing command simulation subprogramis shown in FIG. 11E. At block 1214 processor 900 displays a messageediting simulation screen or screens which allows a user to enter anunedited test message and symbology type (block 1216) and enter the typeof editing command desired to be applied to the message (block 1218).Three basic types of editing commands are search and replace editingcommands, insert character editing commands, and delete characterediting commands. Additional, more complex editing commands may also beapplied.

When the commands are entered, processor 900 applies the commandsentered at block 1218 to the unedited test message at blocks 1220, 1222,and 1224 if all are applicable. When editing is complete, processor 900outputs the result of applying the editing commands, at block 1226,typically by displaying the edited message on display screen 930.

At block 1228 processor queries the user as to whether the user wishesto save the editing commands which resulted in the edited message beingdisplayed or otherwise output at block 1226. If the user elects to savethe editing commands, then processor 900 at block 1230 writes thecommands to a predetermined command save memory location associated withprocessor 900. When the parameter table editing subprogram describedwith reference to FIG. 11D is later executed the commands saved in block1230 of the message editing command subprogram may be read from thecommand save memory location during execution of block 1192 of theparameter table editing subprogram.

In addition to being adapted to download new or modified operatingprograms to reader 10 remotely, processor 900 can also be adapted toremotely transmit component control instructions to reader 10 which areexecuted by reader processor 40 substantially on receipt by reader 10 tocontrol one or more components of reader 10 in a manner that can beperceived by a reader operator. For example, processor 900 and reader 10can be arranged so that processor 900, on receipt of a command from auser, transmits component control instructions for on-receipt executionwhich operate to control LEDs 22 or speaker 38 are useful. For example,to signal an alarm condition, to indicate that a task is completed, orto attract the attention of a reader operator for any purpose. Theinvention relates to an optical reading system comprising an opticalreader and a host processor. In one aspect of the invention, the hostprocessor may be configured to transmit a component control instructionin response to a user input command input by a user of the hostprocessor to remotely control the reader. The optical readersubsequently receives the transmitted component control instruction andexecutes the component control instruction substantially on receiptthereof. In one embodiment, execution of the component controlinstruction by the optical reader has the same effect as the readertrigger being manually pulled by a reader operator.

Processor 900 and reader 10 can also be complementarily arranged sothat, on receipt of a user activated command, processor 900 transmits toreader 10 a component control instruction which is executed by reader 10substantially on receipt thereof to transmit data which is stored inmemory 45 or in another memory device associated with reader 10 such asa long-term nonvolatile memory device. For example, a component controlinstruction received from processor 900 may be executed by reader 10 toupload from reader 10 to processor 900 image data that is stored in aspecific memory location of reader memory 45 such as a reader memorylocation that stores the most recently captured image data captured byreader. Processor 900 may subsequently display such uploaded image dataon display 930. Other component control instructions which may betransmitted from processor 900 to reader 10 for substantially on-receiptexecution by reader processor 40 are instructions which, for example,cause predetermined indicia to be displayed by reader display 56, orwhich cause processor 40 to capture, by appropriate control over imagesensor 32, a single frame of image data corresponding to the scenepresently in the field of view of reader 10 in memory 45 or in anothermemory device.

It will be understood that certain component control instructionsrequire that reader processor 40 execute a series of instruction steps,or repetitive instruction steps to cooperatively control more than onereader component. For example, a component control instructioncommanding an optical reader to capture an image normally requires thatprocessor 40 execute a series of instruction steps involving control ofsuch components as LED's 22, components of the imaging assembly, andmemory 45.

A modified reader operating program that adapts a reader to receivecomponent control instructions from a remote local host processor forsubstantially on-receipt execution by reader 10 is shown in FIG. 6B.Reader 10 is readily enabled to receive and execute remote componentcontrol instructions by modification of the program loop indicated byblock 605 of FIG. 6A wherein reader 10 waits in a low power state untila trigger is pulled. As shown by the flow diagram of FIG. 6B, block 605may be modified to the form illustrated by block 605′ so that readerexecutes block 610 and the ensuing blocks shown and described inconnection with FIG. 6A in response either to a trigger being manuallypulled or to the receipt of a remote trigger activation instruction fromprocessor 900. Block 635 of the flow diagram of FIG. 6A may also bemodified so that the reader is responsive either to a manual triggerrelease or to receipt of a remote trigger receive instruction. Reader 10may also be made to exit the loop indicated by block 605′ on thecondition that another component control instruction for on-receiptexecution by reader 10 is received. As is indicated by block 602 andblock 603, reader 10 may be adapted to exit the loop indicated by block605′ and to appropriately control the component associated with thereceived instruction on the condition that a remote component controlinstruction is received from processor 900. There is described herein(a): an optical reader comprising an imaging assembly; a processor incommunication with said imaging assembly, and a memory in communicationwith said processor having an operating program stored thereon forcontrolling operation of said optical reader, said optical reader beingadapted to receive a component control instruction from a remoteprocessor, and further being adapted to execute said component controlinstruction substantially on receipt of said component controlinstruction from said remote processor. There is also described theoptical reader of (a) wherein said component control instruction is aremote trigger activation instruction; the optical reader of (a) whereinsaid component control instruction is a remote trigger releaseinstruction; the optical reader of (a) wherein said imaging assemblyincludes an illumination source, wherein execution of said componentcontrol instruction results in said illumination source beingcontrolled; the optical reader of (a) further comprising an acousticoutput device, wherein execution of said component control instructionresults in said acoustic output device being controlled; the opticalreader of (a) further comprising a display, and wherein execution ofsaid component control instruction results in a predetermined indiciabeing displayed by said display device; the optical reader of (a)wherein said memory stores at least one frame of image data, and whereinexecution of said component control instruction results in said at leastone frame of image data being uploaded to a remote processor; theoptical reader of (a) wherein execution of said component controlinstruction results in said processor controlling said imaging assemblyto capture a frame of image data in said memory. There is also describedherein (b): an optical reader system comprising a portable opticalreader having an imaging assembly, a reader processor in communicationwith said imaging assembly, and a reader memory in communication withsaid reader processor, said optical reader being adapted to receive acomponent control instruction from a remote processor; and a remoteprocessor, adapted to transmit a component control instruction inresponse to a user input command to control said optical reader, saidoptical reader being programmed so that said reader processor executessaid component control instruction substantially on receipt of saidcomponent control instruction from said remote processor. There is alsodescribed the optical reader system of (b) wherein said componentcontrol instruction is a remote trigger activation instruction; theoptical reader system of (b) wherein said component control instructionis a remote trigger release instruction; the optical reader system of(b) wherein said imaging assembly includes an illumination source, andwherein execution of said component control instruction results in saidillumination source being controlled; the optical reader system of (b)wherein said optical reader includes an acoustic output device, andwherein execution of said component control instruction results in saidacoustic output device being controlled; the optical reader system of(b) wherein said optical reader includes a display, and whereinexecution of said component control instruction results in apredetermined indicia being displayed by said display device; theoptical reader system of (b) wherein said reader memory stores at leastone frame of image data, and wherein execution of said component controlinstruction results in said at least one frame of image data beinguploaded to said remote processor; the optical reader system of (b)wherein execution of said component control instruction results in saidreader processor controlling said imaging assembly to capture a frame ofimage data in said reader memory.

Scanning-Decoding/Autodiscrimination

The scanning-decoding and autodiscrimination features of the invention,and their relationships to the above-described menuing and reprogrammingfeatures, will now be described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 12-18.More particularly, the combined operation of these features will bediscussed in connection with FIG. 6A. The SOD, SS and DODscanning-decoding modes of the invention will be discussed in connectionwith FIGS. 13 and 14, and the OS, RUD and RUS scanning-decoding modes ofthe-invention will be discussed in connection with FIG. 15. Finally, the1D and 2D portions of the autodiscrimination feature of the inventionwill be discussed in connection with FIGS. 16-18, respectively.

Turning first to the main program of FIG. 6A, the scanning and decodingoperations are shown as blocks 625-647. In those embodiments or modes inwhich the multiple symbols code option is not enabled (see option B5 ofFIG. 7B), the processor assumes, that only one symbol is to be decoded.Under this condition, if decoding is successful, the processor processesthe decoded symbol as a menu symbol in accordance with previouslydescribed menu routine 660, or as output data in accordance with block646, and then is stopped by one of blocks 647, 635 or 642. If decodingis not successful, the processor is directed back (unless stopped byblocks 635 or 642) to capture and attempt to decode another image. Inthis case, the “no” output of multiple symbols block 643 is selected,allowing additional images to be captured as necessary.

In those embodiments or modes in which the multiple symbols option isenabled, the processor assumes that more than one symbol is present inthe image data. Under this condition, if decoding is successful, theprocessor continues to loop back to block 627 to make additionaldecoding attempts, unless stopped by one of blocks 635 or 642. In thiscase, however, the ‘yes” output of block 643 is selected, preventingadditional images from being captured.

When the processor begins executing its scanning-decoding program, itfirst determines from the parameter table which scanning-decoding optionor combination of options is to be used. It will then be directed to anautodiscrimination routine that is configured to execute that routine inaccordance with the selected scanning-decoding option or options.

At start up, the parameter table may be set up so that operation in theOne Shot scanning-decoding mode is established as a default condition.Alternatively, the parameter table may be set up so that the RUD or RUSscanning-decoding mode is established as a default condition. Since theOne Shot mode is inherently a non-tracking mode, its selection as adefault mode implies that none of the tracking modes is selected. Sincethe RUD and RUS modes can be used either with or without one of thethree tracking modes, its selection as a default parameter may or maynot be associated with one of the three tracking modes, depending uponhow the reader is programmed at the time of manufacture.

Tracking Options

The differences between the three tracking modes of the invention arebest understood with reference to FIGS. 12-14. The latter figures (withchanges in figure and indicia number) are incorporated from priorcopending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/914,883, (now U.S. Pat.No. 5,942,741), together with their associated descriptions as follows:

Scanning of indicia can take place under either of two generalizedconditions, depending upon the decoding load presented by the indicia.Under light decoding loads, shown in FIG. 12A for a prior art reader,the amount of data to be decoded is relatively small, allowing scan datafrom a complete scan to be decoded in a time which is less than theduration of a scan. Under this condition, the result of each scan isdecoded before the completion of the following scan, and no problemsarise as a result of any mismatch between the scan time and the decodetime of the reader. The prior art and the instant invention performequally well under such light decoding loads as will be seen later fromFIG. 13.

Under heavy decoding loads, however, prior art methods do not allowsufficient time for decoding. Thus, as shown in FIG. 12B, when a firstscan, Scan 1 is completed, a second scan, Scan 2 is initiatedimmediately. Scan 2 is then followed by Scan 3 while the decoding ofScan 1 is still in progress. As this situation continues, the decodingprocess will be seen to fall further and further behind the scanningprocess until, at some point, the data memory becomes filled. When thisoccurs, new scan data will overwrite old scan data which was notprocessed, thereby causing a loss of large blocks of scan data.

In the embodiment of the invention disclosed in prior copendingapplication Ser. No. 08/205,539, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,214,this problem is solved by modifying the reader in a way that allows thescanning process to be suspended and restarted as required to preventthe decoding process from falling so far behind the scanning processthat data overflows the memory and is lost. This embodiment is referredto herein as the “Scan on Demand” or SOD tracking mode. This solution tothe problem may be understood with reference to FIGS. 13A and 13B.Referring to FIG. 13A, there is shown the operation of the subjectembodiment of the invention under light decoding loads. It will be notedthat, under this condition, the relationship between scanning anddecoding is the same as that shown in FIG. 12A.

FIG. 13B shows the relationship which exists between the scanning anddecoding processes when the Scan On Demand mode of the invention is usedunder heavy decoding loads. As shown in FIG. 13B, the suspension of thescanning process continues until the results of the prior scan have beendecoded. This prevents the decoding process from falling more than asmall amount of time behind the scanning process. As a result, therecannot arise a situation, such as that which can arise with the priorart, in which there is a massive loss of scan data. Because this processis described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,214, it will not bedescribed in detail herein.

Referring to FIG. 13C there is shown the tracking relationship whichexists between the scanning and decoding operations when theseoperations are controlled in accordance with a tracking mode referred toas the “Skip Scan” or SS tracking mode. With this mode under heavydecoding loads, decoding proceeds without interruption so long as thescanning function is called for. As shown in FIG. 13C, each decodingoperation begins immediately after the preceding decoding operationends, and proceeds on the basis of the scan data from the then mostcurrent complete block of scan data.

More particularly, FIG. 13C illustrates one possible scenario in whichdecoding of Scan 1 data is immediately followed by the decoding of Scan2 data. This occurs because Scan 3 data is incomplete at the time thatthe second decoding operation begins. The decoding of Scan 2 data,however, is immediately followed by the decoding of Scan 5 data. Thisoccurs because Scan 5 data represents the then most current completeblock of scan data. While the results of scans 3 and 4 are thereforeunused and skipped over, the data lost by their non-use is provided bymore current scan data or, if decoding is unsuccessful, by the resultsof a later scan. Any occasional decoding failure that results from theskipping of relatively old blocks of scan data is in any case more thanoffset by the avoidance of the large scale data losses discussed inconnection with FIG. 12B.

Referring to FIG. 13D there is shown the tracking relationship whichpreferably exists between the scanning and decoding operations whenthese operations are performed in a reader which includes two and onlytwo scan data memory spaces A and B. With this reader, the preferredtracking mode is the “Decode on Demand” or DOD tracking mode. With thismode decoding does not proceed without interruption. As shown in FIG.13D, each decoding operation begins at the beginning of a block of scandata. In the event that the end of a decoding operation does notcoincide with the beginning of such a block, i.e., occurs while ascanning operation is still in progress, the beginning of the nextdecoding operation will be delayed until the scanning operation that isthen in progress is completed, and then proceeds with reference to theblock of scan data which is produced by that scanning operation.

More particularly, FIG. 13D shows that the decoding of Scan 1 data iscompleted while Scan 3 is still in progress, overwriting data for Scan2. Under this condition, decoding is discontinued for a time periodT_(s1) that is equal to the time necessary for Scan 3 to be completed.At the end of time period T_(s1), decoding resumes with the then mostcurrent block of scan data, namely: the scan data produced during Scan3. Thus, like the mode which is illustrated in FIG. 13C, the mode whichis illustrated in FIG. 13D begins its decoding operation with the thenmost current complete block of scan data.

Referring to FIG. 13E, there is shown the tracking relationship whichexists between the scanning and decoding operations when theseoperations are performed in a reader which includes three scan datamemory spaces A, B and C. With this embodiment decoding proceeds withoutinterruption so long as the scanning function is called for. As shown inFIG. 13E, each decoding operation begins immediately after the precedingdecoding operation ends, and proceeds on the basis of scan data from thememory which contains the then most current complete block of scan data.

More particularly, FIG. 13E shows that the decoding of Scan 1 iscompleted while Scan 3 is still being acquired. Under this condition,with three memory spaces available, decoding is immediately undertakenon the most recent complete Scan (Scan 2) which is contained in memoryspace B. Upon the completion of the decoding of Scan 2, decoding iscommenced on Scan 4 which is contained in memory space A. Thus, theutilization of three memory spaces allows the decoding portion of theinvention to be occupied one hundred percent of the time.

The mode illustrated in FIG. 13C is best suited for use with readershaving memories and addressing procedures which can accommodate largenumbers of relatively short blocks of scan data having sizes that arenot known in advance. Applications of this type typically includereaders, such as that shown in FIG. 3, which use 1D image sensors.

The modes illustrated in FIGS. 13D and 13E, on the other hand, are bestsuited for use with readers having memories and addressing procedureswhich can accommodate small numbers of relatively long blocks of scandata of fixed length. Applications of these types typically includereaders, such as that shown in FIG. 2, which use 2D image sensors. Withthe embodiment illustrated in FIG. 13D, only two scan data memory spacesare used and decoding is discontinuous. With the embodiment illustratedin FIG. 13E three scan data memory spaces are used and decoding iscontinuous. More than three scan data memory spaces can also be used ifadditional decoding resources are made available. The one of thesedifferent embodiments which is used in a particular application is adesign choice which is based on economic considerations.

The fact that some embodiments of the invention use 1D image sensorswhile others use 2D image sensors should not be taken to mean thatembodiments which use 1D image sensors can only read 1D symbols or thatembodiments which use 2D image sensors can only read 2D symbols. This isbecause techniques exist for using either type of image sensor to readboth 1D and 2D symbols. It will therefore be understood that the presentinvention is not restricted to use with any one type of image sensor orto any one type of bar code or other optically encoded symbol.

Referring to FIG. 14A, there is shown a memory space M1 suitable for usein storing blocks of scan data of the type produced by a reader with a1D image sensor, together with a pointer or tracking memory M2 suitablefor use in storing address or pointer information that makes it possiblefor the reader to identify the beginning and end point of a block ofinterest. As shown in FIG. 14A, the block of scan data produced during afirst scan of the target is stored in memory M1 beginning at address SS1(Scan Start for Scan 1) and ending at address SE1 (Scan End for Scan 1).Similarly, the block of scan data resulting from a second scan of thetarget is stored between addresses SS2 and SE2, and so on. Becausescanning takes place continuously, the end of one scan block (e.g. SE1)coincides with the beginning of the next scan block (e.g., SS2). Thesizes (in memory space) of these blocks will ordinarily vary from blockto block, depending on the number of data transitions in each 1D scan ofthe target. The boundaries between blocks will, however, be fixed by theoccurrence times of the Scan Interrupt signals which are generated bythe image sensor or its clock generating circuitry.

Locations SS and SE of memory M2 are updated in the course of a seriesof scans so that they always identify or otherwise point to the addressof the beginning and ending of the most recently produced complete blockof scan data. As a result, when the decoding circuitry is ready todecode the most recently produced complete block of scan data, it needonly refer to locations SS and SE to obtain information as to where tobegin and end decoding. Before decoding begins, the contents oflocations SS and SE are written into locations DS (Decode Start) and DE(Decode End) so that locations SS and SE can continue to be updatedwhile decoding proceeds on the basis of the contents of locations DS andDE. In the preferred embodiment, the decoding circuitry is programmed tomark these beginning addresses as “invalid” (for example, by changingits sign) after it is acquired. Since the decoding processor isprogrammed to decode only “valid” data, this assures that it can decodea single block of scan data only once.

Referring to FIG. 14B there are shown a plurality of memory spaces MA,MB . . . MN suitable for use in storing blocks of scan data of the typeproduced by a reader having a 2D image sensor, together with a pointeror tracking memory MP suitable for use in storing address or pointerinformation for identifying the memory spaces to be used for enteringnew scan data, decoding, etc. Since the amount of scan data in eachblock of scan data is known in advance, being the same for each scan,the starting and ending addresses for each memory space (e.g., A1 and B1and AN and BN, etc.) will also be the same for each scan. As a result,the memory to be used for storing new scan data, decoding etc. may bespecified by specifying just a few bits stored in memory MP. LocationCS, for example, may be used as a pointer which identifies the memorywhere the current scan is being stored, and location NS may be used as apointer which identifies where the next scanned image is to be stored.

Similarly, location CD may be used as a pointer which identifies thememory space where the current decode is being undertaken. Finally,location ND may be used as a pointer which identifies where the nextavailable image is for decoding purposes.

Under ordinary circumstances, three scan data memory spaces will besufficient to keep the decoding activity of the reader fully occupiedand current. This is because the tracking method of the invention allowsthe skipping over of old blocks of scan data as necessary for thedecoder to remain occupied and current. If the decoding load becomesextremely heavy, however, it is possible that more old blocks of scandata are skipped over than is advisable. In such instances, it may bedesirable to increase the number of memory spaces from 3 to N, where Nmay be 4 or even more, and to use more than one decoding circuit. Ifsuch an increased number of memories and decoders is used, blocks ofscan data may be distributed among the memories according to a simplesequential rule and kept track of by increasing the number of bits inthe pointers of memory space MP. In addition, the decoding circuits maybe assigned to the then most current complete block of scan data as theybecome free. It will be understood that all such numbers of memoryspaces and decoding circuits and the associated tracking procedure arewithin the contemplation of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 15, there is shown a simplified version of FIG. 6Awhich eliminates those blocks which do not relate directly to the use ofthe scanning-decoding parameters of FIG. 7B to produce decoded outputdata. Of the blocks shown in FIG. 15, blocks 625, 627 and 646 are commonto prior art readers and to readers constructed according to the presentinvention. The remaining blocks of FIG. 15 operate either singly or invarious combinations to establish the permitted combinations of thescanning-decoding modes shown in FIG. 7B. These remaining blockstogether comprise the preferred embodiment of the means by which thereader of the invention is controlled in accordance with thescanning-decoding relationships called for by the parameter tablethereof. Other combinations of flow chart blocks and other combinationsof scanning-decoding parameters may also be used, however, withoutdeparting from the present invention. Blocks 642 and 643 may, forexample, be configured so that only a preset number of multiple symbolsor a preset number of repeats is permitted. Alternatively, allscanning-decoding control blocks may be collectively replaced by alook-up table which directly specifies the next action to be taken.These and other variants will be understood to be within thecontemplation of the present invention.

In view of the foregoing, it will be seen that the scanning and decodingprocesses of the invention may have a selectable one of any of aplurality of different relationships with one another, some of theserelationships being tracking relationships and some being non-trackingrelationships. In accordance with the invention, the menuing feature ofthe invention allows a user to select that operating mode, whether ornot tracking, which gives the best overall data throughput rate in viewof the user's then current objectives.

Autodiscrimination/Code Options

The manner in which the code options called for by the parameter tableof the invention are implemented in conjunction with theautodiscrimination feature of the invention, will now be described withreference to the flow charts of FIGS. 16 and 18. Generally speaking, theflow chart of FIG. 16 illustrates the 1D portion of a complete 1D/2Dautodiscrimination process, while the flow chart of FIG. 18 illustratesthe 2D portion of a complete 1D/2D autodiscrimination process. If boththe 1D and 2D code options of the parameter table are enabled (seeoptions B1 and B2 of FIG. 7B), the steps called for by both FIGS. 16 and18 will be executed before the autodiscrimination process is completed.If, however, only one or the other of the 1D and 2D code options of theparameter table is enabled, only the steps called for by FIG. 16 or byFIG. 18 will be executed before the autodiscrimination process iscompleted. It will therefore be seen that the menuing features and theautodiscrimination features of the present invention interact with oneanother in a manner that allows a user to tailor the autodiscriminationcircuitry as necessary to achieve the highest possible data throughputrate for a particular application.

In order to gain an understanding of the present invention as a whole,it should be borne in mind that the above-described relationshipsbetween the decoding and menuing processes of the invention exist as asubset of an even more complex set of relationships that include thetracking and multiple symbols features of the invention. When, forexample, a portion of the flow chart of FIGS. 16 and 18 calls for anattempted decode, it must be remembered that the attempted decode takesplace in the context of the tracking or non-tracking relationshipsindicated by the parameter table options. In addition, the number ofpasses that the processor makes through the flow chart of FIG. 16,before continuing on to the flow chart of FIG. 18, depends upon whetheror not the multiple symbols feature of the invention has been enabled.

In principle, at least, each one of the possible combinations of theabove-described options may be represented in a complete and separateflow chart and described as such. Because adopting the latter approachwould obscure rather than clarify the present invention, however, thepresent application will describe these combinations simultaneously interms of a representative flow chart, with different options beingdescribed potential variants of that representative flow chart.

Turning first to the flow chart of FIG. 16, there is shown the 1Dportion of the autodiscrimination process, which operates on a set ofimage data that has been scanned from a target symbol of unknown typeand orientation and stored in RAM 45. If the reader is a 2D reader, thisimage data will comprise a gray scale representation of the 2D imageformed on the image sensor, each pixel of the image sensor beingrepresented by an image data element that includes an 8 bit gray scaleindication of its brightness. If, on the other hand, the reader is a 1Dreader, the image data may comprise either binary or gray scale values.

If the reader includes a 2D image sensor, this image data will have beenscanned as a 2D image while the reader 10 is held substantiallystationary with respect to its target. If the reader includes a 1D imagesensor this image data will have been scanned as a series of 1D imageswhile the reader is being moved asynchronously across the target in themanner described in copending commonly assigned U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 08/504,643, (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,806) which is expresslyincorporated herein by reference.

On encountering block 1605, the processor is directed to calculate the“activities” of selected image data elements. The “activity” of a pointP as used herein comprises a measure of the rate of change of the imagedata over a small two dimensional portion of the region surroundingpoint P. This activity is preferably calculated along any twoarbitrarily selected directions which are mutually perpendicular to oneanother, as shown by the lines parallel to directions X and Y of FIG.17A. One example of an activity calculation is that which is based onthe squares of the gray scale differences of two pairs of points P1X-P2Xand P1Y-P2Y that are centered on point P as shown in FIG. 17A. Twomutually perpendicular directions are used because the orientation ofthe symbol is unknown and because a high activity level that by chanceis difficult to detect in a first direction will be readily detectablein a second direction perpendicular to that first direction.

In the preferred embodiment, an activity profile of the image data isconstructed on the basis of only a selected, relatively small number ofimage data elements that are distributed across the field of view thatcorresponds to the stored image data. Using a relatively small number ofdata elements is desirable to increase the speed at which the symbol maybe imaged. These selected points may be selected as the points which lieat the intersections of an X-Y sampling grid such as that shown in FIG.17A. The spacing of the lines defining this grid is not critical to thepresent invention, but does affect the resolution with which theactivity profile of the image can be measured.

When the processor has determined the activities of the selected imagedata points, it is directed to block 1610, which causes it to look forcandidate bar code symbols by identifying regions of high activity. Thisis conveniently done by determining which sets of image data points haveactivities that exceed a predetermined activity threshold value. Asimplified, one-dimensional representation of this step is illustratedin FIG. 17B, wherein those image data points having an activity thatexceed a threshold value TH are labeled as a candidate symbol regionCSR1.

In embodiments which are adapted to find and decode all of the symbolsthat occur in fields of view that include a plurality of bar codesymbols, (i.e., embodiments in which the multiple symbols option isenabled), the result of the step called for by block 1610 is theidentification of a plurality of candidate symbol regions (CSRs), anyone or more of which may be a bar code symbol. Whether or not they arebar code symbols is determined on the basis of whether they aredecodable. As will be explained more fully later, if the multiplesymbols option is not enabled, the processor may be instructed to selectone of the CSRs according to a suitable selection rule, such as thelargest CSR first, the CSR nearest the center of the field of viewfirst, the CSR with the highest total activity first, etc., and thenattempt to decode only that symbol and stop, whether or not a symbol hasbeen decoded. Alternatively, as a further option, the processor may beinstructed to attempt to decode each CSR in turn until one of them issuccessfully decoded, and then stop. If the multiple symbols option isenabled, the processor will process all of the CSRs, in turn, accordingto a suitable priority rule, and continue to do so until all of the CSRshave been either decoded or have been determined to be undecodable.

Once all CSRs have been located, the processor is directed to block1615, which calls for it to select the then largest (or most centrallylocated) as yet unexamined CSR for further processing, and then proceedto block 1620. The latter block then causes the processor to find thecentroid or center of gravity of that CSR, before proceeding to block1625. An example of such a centroid is labeled C in FIG. 17C. Becausethe steps involved in finding a centroid are well known, they will notbe described in detail herein.

On encountering block 1625, the processor is directed to examine theselected CSR by defining various exploratory scan lines therethrough,determining the activity profile of the CSR along those scan lines, andselecting the scan line having the highest total activity. In the caseof a 1D bar code symbol, this will be the direction most nearlyperpendicular to the direction of the bars, i.e., the optimum readingdirection for a 1D symbol.

On exiting block 1625, the processor encounters blocks 1630 and 1635.The first of these sets a scan line counter to zero; the second definesan initial, working scan line through the centroid in the previouslydetermined direction of highest activity. The result of this operationis the definition, in the image data space representation of the CSR, ofa working scan line such as SC=0 in FIG. 17C.

Once the initial scan line has been defined, the processor is directedby block 1640 to calculate, by interpolation from the image data of theCSR, the values of sampling points that lie along this scan line. Thismeans that, for each sampling point on the initial scan line, theprocessor will calculate what brightness the sampling point would haveif its brightness were calculated on the basis of the weightedbrightness contributions of the four nearest measured image data pointsof the CSR. These contributions are illustrated by the dotted lineswhich join the sample point SP of FIG. 17D to the four nearest imagedata points DPA-DPD. So long as these sampling points are more closelyspaced than the image data points, this interpolation procedure will beperformed on a subpixel basis, and will produce a usably accuraterepresentation of the image data along the scan line. The result of thesubpixel interpolation of the sampling points on a representative scanline of this type is shown in FIG. 17E. Because the particulars of thesubpixel interpolation process are known to those skilled in the art,this process will not be further described herein.

Once the above-described scan line data have been calculated, theprocessor is directed to block 1645, which calls for it to binarize thescan line data, i.e., convert it to a two-state representation of thedata which can be processed as a candidate for 1D decoding. One suchrepresentation is commonly known as a timercount representation. Oneparticularly advantageous procedure for accomplishing this binarizationprocess is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,960, which is herebyincorporated herein by reference.

On exiting block 1645, the processor will be in possession of apotentially decodable two-state 1D representation of the CSR. It thenattempts to decode this representation, as called for by block 1650.This attempted decoding will comprise the trial application to therepresentation of one decoding program after another until the latter iseither decoded or determined to be undecodable. Because decodingprocedures of the latter type are known to those skilled in the art,they will not be discussed in detail herein.

As the 1D autodiscrimination process is completed, the processor isdirected to decision block 1655 which causes it to continue along one oftwo different paths, depending on whether or not decoding wassuccessful. If it was not successful, the processor will be caused toloop back to block 1635, via blocks 1660 and 1665, where it will becaused to generate a new working scan line that is parallel to initialscan line SC=0, but that passes above or below centroid C. This loopingback step may be repeated many times, depending on the “spacing” of thenew scan lines, until the entire CSR has been examined for decodable 1Ddata. If the entire CSR has been scanned and there has been nosuccessful decode, the processor is directed to exit the just-describedloop via block 1670. As used herein, the term “parallel” is used in itsbroad sense to refer to scan lines or paths which are similarlydistorted (e.g., curvilinear) as a result of foreshortening effects oras a result of being imaged from a non-planar surface. Sincecompensating for such distorting effects is known, as indicated, forexample, by U.S. Pat. No. 5,396,054, it will not be discussed in detailherein.

Block 1670 serves to direct the processor back to block 1615 to repeatthe above-described selection, scanning and binarizing steps for thenext unexamined CSR, if one is present. If another CSR is not present,or if the processor's program calls for an attempt to decode only oneCSR, block 1670 causes the processor to exit the flow chart of FIG. 16to begin an attempt to decode the then current set of image data as a 2Dsymbol, in accordance with the flow chart of FIG. 18. If other CSRs arepresent, and the multiple symbols option is enabled, block 1670 directsthe processor back to block 1615 to repeat the selection, scanning andbinarizing process for the next CSR, and the next, and so on, untilthere is either a successful decode (block 1655) or all of the CSRs havebeen examined (block 1670).

If the processing of the first CSR has resulted in a successful decode,block 1655 directs the processor to block 1675, which causes it todetermine whether the decoded data indicates that the CSR contains a 1Dstacked symbol, such as a PDF417 symbol. One example of such a symbol isshown in FIG. 19D. If it is not, i.e., if the decoded symbol includesonly a single row of bars, the 1D data is stored for later outputting inaccordance with block 648 of the main program of FIG. 6A, as called forby block 1680. Alternatively, the data may be output immediately andblock 648 later skipped over. Then, if there are no remaining,unexamined CSRs, or if the multiple symbols option is not enabled, theprocessor is directed to exit the flow chart of FIG. 16 via block 1682.If, however, there are remaining CSRs and the multiple symbols option isenabled, block 1682 will direct the processor back to block 1615 tobegin processing the next CSR, and the next, and so on until all CSRshave been examined and decoded (block 1682) or examined and found to beundecodable (block 1670).

If, on encountering block 1675, the decoded data indicates that the CSRcontains a 1D stacked symbol, the above-described processing is modifiedby providing for the repetition of the scanning-digitizing process,beginning with block 1635. This is accomplished by blocks 1684, 1686 and1688 in a manner that will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Significantly, by beginning the repeating of the process at block 1635,all additional scan lines defined via the latter path will be parallelto the first decodable scan line, as required by a 1D stacked symbol, atleast in the broad sense discussed earlier.

In view of the foregoing, it will be seen that, depending on the numberof CSRs that have been found in the stored image data, and on theenablement of the multiple symbols option, the flow chart of theembodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 16 will cause all 1D symbolsin the image data to be either decoded or found to be undecodable beforedirecting the processor to exit the same.

As will be explained more fully in connection with FIG. 20, the 2Dautodiscrimination flow chart of FIG. 18 may be processed after theprocessing of the 1D autodiscrimination flow chart of FIG. 16 has beencompleted. It may also be processed without the flow chart of FIG. 16having been previously processed, i.e., the 1D portion of the 1D/2Dautodiscrimination process may be skipped or bypassed. (In principle,the steps of the 2D portion of the 1D/2D autodiscrimination process(FIG. 18) may also be processed before the 1D portion thereof (FIG. 16),although this option does not comprise the preferred embodiment of theinvention.) This is because the code options of the menuing feature ofthe invention make all of these options selectable by the user. It willtherefore be understood that the present invention contemplates allpossible combinations of autodiscrimination options.

Referring to FIG. 18, there is shown a flow chart of the 2D portion ofthe 1D/2D autodiscrimination process of the invention. When the flowchart of FIG. 18 is entered, the image data that is stored in RAM 45 isthe same as that which would be stored therein if the flow chart of FIG.16 were being entered. If the reader is a 2D reader this image data willcomprise an array of 8-bit gray scale image data elements produced byimage sensor 32-2 and its associated signal processing and A/D convertercircuits 3502 arid 36-2. If the reader is a 1D reader that produces 2Dimage by being moved across the target symbol, the image data willcomprise an array of binary data elements such as those shown inabove-cited copending application Ser. No. 08/504,643.

The flow chart of FIG. 18 begins with a block 1805, which directs theprocessor to convert the gray scale image data representation stored inRAM 45 (if present) into a two-state or binarized representation of thesame data. This may be accomplished in generally the same mannerdescribed earlier in connection with FIG. 17B, i.e., by comparing thesegray scale values to a threshold value and categorizing these values as1s or 0s, depending upon whether they exceed or do not exceed thatthreshold value.

Once the image data has been binarized, the processor continues on toblock 1810, which causes it to identify and locate all of the 2D finderpatterns that appear in the field of view of the image data. This ispreferably accomplished by examining all of the candidate 2D finderpatterns (CFPs) that are present and identifying them by type, i.e.,identifying whether they are bullseye type finder patterns, waistbandtype finder patterns or peripheral type finder patterns. An example of abullseye type finder pattern is shown in the central portion of the 2Dbar code symbol of FIG. 19A, which symbol encodes data in accordancewith a 2D matrix symbology named “Aztec”. An example of a waistband typefinder pattern is shown in the middle portion of the 2D bar code symbolof FIG. 19B, which symbol encodes data in accordance with a 2D matrixsymbology named “Code One”. An example of a peripheral type finderpattern is shown in the left and lower edges of the 2D bar code symbolof FIG. 19C, which symbol encodes data in accordance with a 2D matrixsymbology known as “Data Matrix”. The finder identification process isperformed by applying to each CFP, in turn, a series of finder patternfinding algorithms of the type associated with each of the major typesof finder patterns. Since such finder finding algorithms are known forfinders of the waistband and peripheral types, these algorithms will notbe discussed in detail herein. One example of a finder finding algorithmfor a waistband type finder, may be found, for example, in “UniformSymbology Specification Code One”, published by AIM/USA TechnologyGroup. Finder finding algorithms for bullseye type finders that includeconcentric rings, (e.g. MaxiCode) are also known and will also not bedescribed in detail herein.

Particularly advantageous for purposes of the present invention,however, is bullseye type finder finding algorithm of the type that maybe used both with 2D symbologies, such as MaxiCode, that have bullseyefinder patterns that include concentric rings and with 2D symbologies,such as Aztec, that have bullseye finder patterns that includeconcentric polygons. A finder finding algorithm of the latter type isdescribed in copending, commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser.No. 08/504,643, (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,806), which has beenincorporated herein by reference. The Aztec 2D bar code symbology itselfis fully described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/441,446, (nowU.S. Pat. No. 5,591,956) which has also been incorporated herein byreference.

Once all of the finder patterns have been located and their types havebeen determined, the processor is directed to decision block 1815. Thisblock affords the processor an opportunity to exit the flow chart ofFIG. 18, via exit block 1820, if no 2D finder patterns could be foundand typed. This block speeds up the execution of the program by skippingover decoding operations which have no hope of success without theirassociated finder pattern.

If a finder pattern has been found and typed, the processor is directedto block 1825. This block causes the processor to select for decodingthe bar code symbol whose finder is closest to the center of the fieldof view of the image data. Optionally, the processor may be instructedto find the largest 2D bar code symbol that uses a particular 2Dsymbology or the 2D bar code symbol using a particular 2D symbologywhich is closest to the center of the field of view of the image data.The “closest-to-the-center” option is ordinarily preferred since acentrally located symbol is likely to be a symbol, such as a menusymbol, at which the user is deliberately aiming the reader. Once thisselection has been made, the processor attempts to decode that symbol,as called for by block 1830. If this decoding attempt is successful, asdetermined by decision block 1835, the resulting data may be stored foroutputting in accordance with block 648 of the main program of FIG. 6A,as called for by block 1840. Alternatively, the decoded data may beoutput immediately and block 648 later skipped over. If the decodingattempt is not successful, however, block 1840 is skipped, and theprocessor is directed to decision block 1845.

If the user has elected not to use the multiple symbols option, block1845 may direct the processor to exit the flow chart of FIG. 18, viablock 1850, after any 2D symbol has been successfully decoded.Optionally, block 1845 may be arranged to direct the processor to exitthe flow chart of FIG. 18 after the attempted decoding of the centermostsymbol, without regard to whether or not the decoding attempt wassuccessful.

If the user has elected to use the multiple symbols option, block 1845will direct the processor back to block 1825 to process the next 2Dsymbol, i.e., the symbol whose CFR is next closest to the center of thefield of view. The above-described attempted decoding and storing (oroutputting) steps will then be repeated, one CFR after another, untilthere are no more symbols which have usable finder patterns. Finally,when all symbols having usable finder patterns have been either decodedor found to be undecodable, the processor will exit the flow chart ofFIG. 18, via block 1850, to return to the main program of FIG. 6A.

In view of the foregoing, it will be seen that, depending on the numberof identifiable CFRs that have been found in the stored, digitizedimage, and on the enablement of the multiple symbols option, the 2Dautodiscrimination routine shown in FIG. 18, will cause one or more 2Dsymbols in the image data to be either decoded or found to beundecodable before directing the processor to exit the same.

For the sake of clarity, the foregoing descriptions of the 1D and 2Dphases of the 1D/2D autodiscrimination process of the invention havebeen described separately, without discussing the combined or overalleffect of the code options and scanning-decoding options discussedearlier in connection with FIG. 7B. The overall effect of these codeoptions and the manner in which they are implemented will now bedescribed in connection with FIG. 20. As will be explained presently,FIG. 20 shows (with minor simplifications) the contents of block 627 ofFIG. 6A. It also shows, as blocks 2010 and 2035 (again with minorsimplifications), the 1D and 2D autodiscrimination routines discussedearlier in connection with FIGS. 16 and 18, respectively.

On entering the flow chart of FIG. 20, the processor encounters a block2005 which causes it to determine, with reference to the code options ofthe parameter table, whether all of the 1D codes have been disabled. Ifthey have not, the processor continues to block 2010. In accordance withblock 2010, the processor performs the 1D autodiscrimination processdescribed in connection with FIG. 16, using the 1D code andscanning-decoding options indicated by the parameter table. Dependingupon whether 1D decoding was successful, as determined by block 2015,the processor either outputs (or stores) data per block 2020 and exits,or continues on to blocks 2030 and 2035 to begin the 2Dautodiscrimination process.

If all 1D codes have been disabled, the processor is directed directlyto block 230, thereby skipping block 2010 in its entirety. Then, unlessall 2D codes have also been disabled (per block 2030), it proceeds toblock 2035 to begin the autodiscrimination process described inconnection with FIG. 18, using the 2D codes and scanning-decodingoptions indicated by the parameter table. Depending upon whether 2Ddecoding was successful, as determined by block 2040, the processoreither outputs (or stores) data, per block 2045, or returns to the mainprogram of FIG. 6A. Returning to the latter then causes or does notcause further scans to be made depending on the states of blocks 635 and640 thereof.

In view of the foregoing, it will be seen that the 1D/2Dautodiscrimination process of the invention may be practiced in manydifferent ways, depending upon the menuing options that have been chosenby the user. Among these menuing options, the code options increase thedata throughput rate of the reader by assuring that the processor doesnot waste time trying to autodiscriminate and decode symbols which ithas been told are not present, or are not of interest. The scan trackingoptions also increase the data throughput rate of the reader by assuringthat the scanning and decoding phases of read operations both operate,to the extent possible in view of the then current decoding load anddecoding options, at a 100% utilization rate. Even the multiple symbolsoption also increases the data throughput rate of the reader by eitherdiscontinuing the reading of symbols that are not centered and thereforenot of interest or speeding up the processing of multiple symbols thatare of interest. Thus, for a processor with a given performance ratingand a set of decoding programs of given length, the apparatus of theinvention assures a higher overall data throughput rate than hasheretofore been possible.

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an opticalscanning and decoding apparatus and method, suitable for use with barcode readers, bar code scanning engines, and portable data terminals(PDTs), which combines improved scanning-decoding and autodiscriminationfeatures in the context of an apparatus and method which also providesimproved menuing and reprogramming features.

In accordance with the menuing feature of the invention, there isprovided an improved apparatus and method which enables a user todetermine the current operating mode of an optical reading apparatus,and to rapidly and conveniently change that operating mode to optimizeit for operation under then current conditions. The menuing feature, forexample, enables the user, via a machine readable table of pre-recordedmenu symbols, to command the reader to communicate with a host processorusing one of a number of protocols, to command the reader to format thedecoded output according to host processor requirements, or to commandthe reader to report to the host processor any of a plurality of typesof information about the current operating state of the reader, such asthe version of software then being used, the code options that are thenbeing used, and even a complete listing of the reader's parameter table.If a suitable printer is available, the complete status of a firstreader may be output as a machine readable menu symbol that other,similarly equipped readers may read and use to reconfigure themselvesfor operation in the same manner as the first reader.

In accordance with the reprogramming feature of the invention, there isprovided an improved apparatus and method by which an optical reader maybe reprogrammed from a source external to the reading apparatus, with orwithout the participation of a user. This external source may be eitheron-site, i.e., located at the same local facility as the reader, oroff-site, i.e., located at a remote facility that is coupled to thelocal facility only via a transmission line or computer network. Whenactuated, the reprogramming feature enables a reader to reprogramitself, either in whole or in part, and thereby become able to operatewith operating software of the latest type. Depending on theapplication, the reprogramming of the reader may be initiated either bya host processor external to the reader, as by a command issued via thereader's communication port, or by a user initiated command issued as apart of the above-mentioned menuing process.

In accordance with another aspect of the reprogramming feature, a localhost processor may be configured to carry out reprogramming of anoptical reader or another type of portable data terminal. In areprogramming subroutine according to the invention a local hostprocessor can be made, at the selection of a user, to replace an entiremain program and parameter table of a reader, or else one of either amain program or a parameter table of an operating program individually.

In accordance with another subprogram of a local host processor, thelocal host processor can be made to edit a parameter table. When thissubprogram is selected the user may either edit the parameter table thatis stored in a memory device of the reader or else edit a parametertable stored in a memory device in communication with the local hostprocessor. After editing, the user may write the edited parameter tableto the reader's memory device, write the edited parameter to a bulkstorage device for later use, or print or display the edited parametertable. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, an opticalreader of the invention may be made to receive a component controlinstruction from a host processor which is transmitted in response to auser input command to remotely control an optical reader. In accordancewith this aspect of the invention, the optical reader is made to executea component control instruction substantially on-receipt thereof. In oneembodiment, execution by an optical reader of a component controlinstruction has the same effect as a reader trigger being manuallypulled.

In accordance with the present invention, there is also provided anoptical scanning and decoding apparatus and method which includesimproved scanning-decoding and autodiscrimination features, either orboth of which may be used in conjunction with, and/or under the controlof, the above-described menuing and reprogramming features. In otherwords, the autodiscrimination feature of the invention is made availableto the user on a menu selectable or reprogrammable basis to speed upand/or update the decoding phase of the scanning and decoding process.Together, these features enable the reading apparatus of the inventionto read and decode a wide range of optically encoded data symbols at animproved data throughput rate.

When a reader is one in which the scan engine cannot be readily startedand stopped, or in which such starts and stops impose unacceptabledelays or produce user perceptible flicker, the present inventionpreferably operates in one of the tracking relationships described inpreviously mentioned copending application Ser. No. 08/914,883 (now U.S.Pat. No. 5,942,741). One of these tracking relationships is a Skip Scantracking relationship in which the results of one or more scans may beskipped over entirely in favor of more recently produced scan results.Another is a Decode On Demand tracking relationship in which decoding issuspended briefly as necessary to allow a scan then in progress to becompleted. The latter relationship is ordinarily not preferred, but isstill useful when the reader is such that its scan memory is able tostore only two complete blocks of scan data.

When the reader is one in which the scan engine can readily be stopped,the present invention may operate in the tracking relationship describedin previously mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,214. With this, “Scan OnDemand” tracking relationship, scanning is suspended briefly asnecessary to prevent scanning and decoding from becoming uncorrelatedwith one another.

In the preferred embodiment, the reader includes an algorithm that isable to accommodate any of the above-described scanning-decodingrelationships, among others. Which of them is actually used will varyfrom reader to reader depending upon the size and type of memory and thetype of scan engine used thereby, and may be changed from time to time.

The present invention also contemplates and provides for at least onescanning-decoding relationship which does not fall within the meaning ofthe above-defined tracking relationships. One of these non-trackingrelationships is a “One Shot” relationship or mode in which a singlescan is followed by a single decoding attempt and then a stoppage. Suchscanning-decoding events may be initiated by respective singleactuations of a manual trigger. Because of its inherently discontinuousnature, the use of the One Shot mode implies the non-use of any of theabove-mentioned tracking modes.

Two other such scanning-decoding relationships are referred to herein asthe “Repeat Until Done” relationship or mode and the “Repeat UntilStopped” relationship or mode. With the Repeat Until Done relationship,scanning and decoding operations follow one after another until asuccessful decode occurs, and are then discontinued. With the RepeatUntil Stopped relationship, scanning and decoding operations follow oneafter another and continue, even after sets of decoded data are storedor output, until instructed to stop by the release of the trigger or bythe readers' program. Because of their repetitive nature, the use ofRepeat Until Done and Repeat Until Stopped modes are usable both inconjunction with the above-described tracking modes and independently ofthose tracking modes. As a result, the Repeat Until Done and RepeatUntil Stopped modes may be implemented as user selectable non-trackingrelationships or as tracking relationships.

In embodiments that use the auto discrimination feature of theinvention, there is provided a method and apparatus by which a pluralityof different symbols of a multiplicity of different types may be scannedand decoded in a manner that is optimized for a particular application,on either a menu selectable or a reprogrammable basis. When all of thesymbols to be autodiscriminated are known to be 1D symbols, for example,the data throughput rate may be increased by structuring theautodiscrimination feature of the invention so that no attempt is madeto decode 2D symbols, or vice versa. When, on the other hand, thesymbols to be autodiscriminated are known to all be of (or all not to beof) a few types, whether 1D or 2D, the data throughput rate may beincreased by structuring the autodiscrimination feature so that all buta few (or only a few) 1D and/or 2D symbologies are disabled, i.e., sothat no attempt is made to decode them. Other possibleautodiscrimination options include not decoding or not outputting datafor symbols that encode messages that are too long or too short to be ofinterest in a particular application. In accordance with the invention,any of these options may be chosen and changed as necessary to achievethe highest possible data throughput rate.

Because of the large number of different combinations of distinctoperational states that are made possible thereby, the apparatus andmethod of the invention will be seen to have a protean quality that notonly makes it usable in a large number of different applications, butalso enables it to continue to remain so usable as new functions, newbar code symbologies and new and updated decoding programs are developedin the future.

[Beginning of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 08/516,185, filed Aug. 18, 1995].

Referring to FIG. 21, there is shown a block diagram of one embodimentof an optical reader 10 suitable for use. Reader 2009 includes ascanning section 2011, which is enclosed by dotted lines at the leftside of FIG. 21. Scanning section 2011 includes an illuminator 2012,such as an LED array, a laser, or the like, which produces a light beamrepresented by outer defining rays 2014, 2014′. The beam strikes atarget 2016 on which are found visible indicia, such as 1D or 2D barcode symbols or OCR characters. This light beam is reflected throughoptics 2019, the reflected beam being shown representatively as rays2018, 2018′. Optics 2019 projects an image of the indicia onto an imagesensor 2022 which, in the embodiment of FIG. 21, preferably comprises a1D CCD type image sensor. Analog signals developed by image sensor 2022in response to light incident thereon are received and processed by asignal processing circuit 2024 and an analog to digital converter 2025to produce a digitized video output signal on an output conductor 2026.

Reader 2009 also includes scanning control and decoding circuitry whichpreferably comprises a programmed microcomputer 2029 together with a DMAcontroller 2032. In operation, microcomputer 2029 controls the operationof scanning section 2011 and decodes the data produced thereby inaccordance with a program stored in a ROM 2050. DMA controller 2032assists microcomputer 2029 by taking over there from the task ofreceiving digitized video data produced by scanning section 2011 anddirecting this data through a bus interface 2046 and a bus 2047 to a RAM2048. DMA controller 2032 may also include circuitry which performs avariety of other support and housekeeping functions for microcomputer2029 and in this way allows the latter to devote more time to decodingactivities and thereby increase the data throughput rate for the readeras a whole. If desired, these functions may be integrated into a singleapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC). One example of an ASICof this type is commercially available from Welch Allyn, Inc.,Skaneateles Falls, N.Y. under the part number designation 21203276-01.

Operation of scanning section 2011 is controlled by a trigger 2028,which can be a manual trigger, or an automatic trigger that responds tothe presence of indicia. Trigger 2028 is coupled to microcomputer 2029via an I/O port section 2033. Microcomputer 2029 outputs a scan enablesignal on a line 2034 responsive to the trigger 2028 to turn on scanningsection 2011 and begin scanning target symbol 2016. Control signals areoutput on a line 2036 to control clock generator 2038 which in turnprovide suitable enabling signals for illuminator 2012 and clock signals2042 for image sensor 2022 as required for the proper operation thereof.Clock generator 2038, is also arranged to generate a scan interrupt (orend of scan) signal which is applied as an input to I/O port 2033 viaconductor 2039 to provide microcomputer 2029 with information thatindicates the times at which each block of scan data ends.

Microcomputer 2029 may also be provided with a UART 2052 and anauxiliary I/O port section 2054 for connecting communications devices(not shown) to the reader. Representative of such devices are a keyboardwhen the scanner is employed in a wedge configuration, atelecommunications network, and other devices as may be required for agiven application of the system.

A typical scan cycle for the reader of FIG. 21 (a linear scanningdevice) is shown in FIG. 22. During the time period of the scan (5 msecis used in the figure, although this can vary) the cycle begins withillumination pulse 2100 during which the target is illuminated. Thetarget may contain bar code or any other indicia which is amenable toscanning and decoding. During the illumination pulse 2100, photosensorsin image sensor 2022 receive a linear image of the target and convertthat image to an electrical representation thereof. This electricalrepresentation is then transferred via a transfer gate 2105 to an analogshift register and clocked with pulses 2110 to shift the image out as ananalog signal 2115. Analog signal 2115 is then transformed into adigitized video output signal 2120 by an A/D converter 2025 and outputover a line 2026. Video signal 2120 is a digitized representation ofwhatever high contrast elements were observed during illumination pulse2100. The time between successive leading and trailing edges of thevideo out signal 2120 is then timed using the microprocessor clockcounts as a time reference, to produce a timercount representation 2125of the result of the scan. This timercount representation is preferablyproduced by timer circuitry, included with DMA controller 2032, whichthen controls the storage of the resulting timercount representation inRAM 2048, while concurrently the microprocessor may be undertaking otheroperations including the decoding of prior scan data.

Referring to FIG. 21A there is shown a second embodiment 2009′ of areader suitable for use. Reader 2009′ of FIG. 21A is generally similarto reader 2009 of FIG. 21, except that it has a scanning section 2011′which includes a 2D image sensor 2022′ that processes indicia, such as2D bar codes symbols, on a full frame rather than line-by-line basis,and a microcomputer 2029′ that is programmed to control sensor 2022′ anddecode output signals produced thereby. Because 2D image sensors havemany more pixels than a 1D image sensor, the reader of FIG. 21A will beunderstood to operate with higher clock rates and to use microcomputersand memory structures that are somewhat different from theircounterparts in the reader of FIG. 21. These differences are differencesof degree rather than of kind, however, and do not involve the broaderaspects, as will be made clear later in connection with FIGS. 24A-24D.

Unlike currently available 1D image sensors, some 2D image sensorsinclude much of the control and clock generating circuitry necessary tocontrol their operation. In the reader of FIG. 21A this fact isreflected by the showing of clock generator circuitry 2038′ within theoutlines of image sensor 2022′. Similarly, image sensor 2022′ of FIG.21A is shown as including on-chip control circuitry 2039′ for generatingcontrol signals which in the case of the embodiment of FIG. 21 aresupplied by microcomputer 2029. These differences between the readers ofFIGS. 21 and 21A will be understood to reflect different manufacturerselected groupings of known imaging control circuitry and not to bematerial to the practice.

Because 2D image sensors produce video output signals that include datafor a number of different horizontal rows of the symbols imaged thereby,and are designed to be used without regard to the orientation of thesymbol with respect thereto, their outputs are more usefully processedand stored as bit mapped or bit image representations of symbols than astimercount representations thereof. As a result, DMA controller 2032′ ofthe embodiment of FIG. 21A need not include timer circuitry of the typeincluded in DMA controller 2032 of the embodiment of FIG. 21. On theother hand, DMA controller 2032′ of the embodiment of FIG. 21Apreferably does include circuitry for receiving the “end of frame”signal produced by 2D image sensor 2022′ and using it as a scaninterrupt signal without involving microcomputer 2029′. As in the caseof DMA controller 2032, DMA controller 2032′ and the associated scanningcontrol circuitry may be integrated into a single ASIC. In bothembodiments, however, the DMA controller is designed to receive andprocess image data of the type produced by the image sensor with whichit is used and to control the storage of that image data in the form andin the quantity best suited to the decoding activity of themicrocomputer with which it is used. Thus, while DMA controllers 2032and 2032′ differ in the specifics of their design, they operate ingenerally the same way to receive and store image data for decoding bythe associated microcomputer with minimal involvement by thatmicrocomputer.

With the embodiment of FIG. 22 the stored scan data is a timercountrepresentation of a 1D image of the indicia of interest, as shown inFIG. 22. Because the number of memory locations necessary to store thisscan data is dependent upon the number of data transitions in the scan,the length of a complete block of scan data will vary from scan to scan.With the embodiment of FIG. 21A, however, stored scan data is the bitmapped or bit representation of the indicia of interest. Because thenumber of memory locations necessary to store this scan data dependsonly on the number of pixels in the 2D image sensor, the length of acomplete block of scan data will be the same for each scan.

In order to avoid unnecessary repetition, the terms “scan” and “block ofscan data” as used herein will be understood to refer to both of theabove-described types of scans generically where the context permits, ornon-generically to one or the other of these types of scans where thecontext indicates that only one or the other is being referred to. Forexample, the descriptions of FIGS. 23 and 24 which follow are framed ingeneric terms and will be understood to apply to embodiments which useeither 1D or 2D image sensors. The descriptions of FIGS. 25-29, on theother hand, will be framed in embodiment-specific terms, except whereotherwise indicated.

Scanning of indicia can take place under either of two generalizedconditions, depending upon the decoding load presented by the indicia.Under light decoding loads, shown in FIG. 23A for a prior art reader,the amount of data to be decoded is relatively small, allowing scan datafrom a complete scan to be decoded in a time which is less than theduration of a scan. Under this condition, the result of each scan isdecoded before the completion of the following scan, and no problemsarise as a result of any mismatch between the scan time and the decodetime of the reader. The prior art and the instant reader perform equallywell under such light decoding loads as will be seen later from FIG. 24.

Under heavy decoding loads, however, prior art methods do not allowsufficient time for decoding. Thus, as shown in FIG. 23B, when a firstscan Scan 1 is completed, a second scan Scan 2 is initiated immediately.Scan 2 is then followed by Scan 3 while the decoding of Scan 1 is stillin progress. As this situation continues, the decoding process will beseen to fall further and further behind the scanning process until, atsome point, the data memory becomes filled. When this occurs, new scandata will overwrite old scan data which was not processed, therebycausing a loss of large blocks of scan data.

In the embodiment disclosed in prior U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,214, thisproblem is solved by modifying the reader in a way that allows thescanning process to be suspended and restarted as required to preventthe decoding process from falling so far behind the scanning processthat data overflows the memory and is lost. This solution to the problemmay be understood with reference to FIGS. 24A and 24B. Referring to FIG.24A, there is shown the operation of the subject embodiment under lightdecoding loads. It will be noted that, under this condition, therelationship between scanning and decoding is the same as that shown inFIG. 23A.

FIG. 24B shows the relationship which exists between the scanning anddecoding processes when the subject embodiment is used under heavydecoding loads. As shown in FIG. 24B, the suspension of the scanningprocess continues until the results of the prior scan have been decoded.This prevents the decoding process from falling more than a small amountof time behind the scanning process. As a result, there cannot arise asituation, such as that which can arise with the prior art, in whichthere is a massive loss of scan data. Because this embodiment isdescribed in detail in the last-mentioned copending application, it willnot be described in detail herein.

Referring to FIG. 24C there is shown the tracking relationship whichexists between the scanning and decoding operations when theseoperations are controlled in accordance with a first embodiment. Withthis embodiment, under heavy decoding loads, decoding proceeds withoutinterruption so long as the scanning function is called for. As shown inFIG. 24C, each decoding operation begins immediately after the precedingdecoding operation ends, and proceeds on the basis of the scan data fromthe then most current complete block of scan data.

More particularly, FIG. 24C illustrates one possible scenario in whichdecoding of Scan 1 data is immediately followed by the decoding of Scan2 data. This occurs because Scan 3 data is incomplete at the time thatthe second decoding operation begins. The decoding of Scan 2 data,however, is immediately followed by the decoding of Scan 5 data. Thisoccurs because Scan 5 data represents the then most current completeblock of scan data. While the results of scans 3 and 4 are thereforeunused and skipped over, the data lost by their non-use is provided bymore current scan data or, if decoding is unsuccessful, by the resultsof a later scan. Any occasional decoding failure that results from theskipping of relatively old blocks of scan data is in any case more thanoffset by the avoidance of the large scale data losses discussed inconnection with FIG. 23B.

Referring to FIG. 24D there is shown the tracking relationship whichexists between the scanning and decoding operations when theseoperations are controlled in accordance with an embodiment whichincludes two and only two scan data memory spaces A and B. With thisembodiment decoding does not proceed without interruption. As shown inFIG. 24D, each decoding operation begins at the beginning of a block ofscan data. In the event that the end of a decoding operation does notcoincide with the beginning of such a block, i.e., occurs while ascanning operation is still in progress, the beginning of the nextdecoding operation will be delayed until the scanning operation that isthen in progress is completed, and then proceeds with reference to theblock of scan data which is produced by that scanning operation.

More particularly, FIG. 24D shows that the decoding of Scan 1 data iscompleted while Scan 3 is still in progress, overwriting data for Scan2. Under this condition, decoding is discontinued for a time periodT_(s1) that is equal to the time necessary for Scan 3 to be completed.At the end of time period T_(s1), decoding resumes with the then mostcurrent block of scan data, namely: the scan data produced during Scan3. Thus, like the embodiment whose operation is illustrated FIG. 24C,the embodiment whose operation is illustrated in FIG. 24D begins itsdecoding operation with the then most current complete block of scandata.

Referring to FIG. 24E there is shown the tracking relationship whichexists between the scanning and decoding operations when theseoperations are controlled in accordance with an embodiment whichincludes three scan data memory spaces A, B and C. With this embodimentdecoding proceeds without interruption so long as the scanning functionis called for. As shown in FIG. 24E, each decoding operation beginsimmediately after the preceding decoding operation ends, and proceeds onthe basis of scan data from the memory which contains the then mostcurrent complete block of scan data.

More particularly, FIG. 24E shows that the decoding of Scan 1 iscompleted while Scan 3 is still being acquired. Under this condition,with three memory spaces available, decoding is immediately undertakenon the most recent complete Scan (Scan 2) which is contained in memoryspace B. Upon the completion of the decoding of Scan 2, decoding iscommenced on Scan 4 which is contained in memory space A. Thus, theutilization of three memory spaces allows the decoding portion to beoccupied one hundred percent of the time.

The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 24C is best suited for use withreaders having memories and addressing procedures which can accommodatelarge numbers of relatively short blocks of scan data having sizes thatare not known in advance. Applications of this type typically includereaders, such as that shown in FIG. 21, which use 1D image sensors.

The embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 24D and 24E, on the other hand, arebest suited for use with readers having memories and addressingprocedures which can accommodate small numbers of relatively long blocksof scan data of fixed length. Applications of these types typicallyinclude readers, such as that shown in FIG. 21A, which use 2D imagesensors. With the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 24D, only two scan datamemory spaces are used and decoding is discontinuous. With theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 24E three scan data memory spaces areused and decoding is continuous. As will be explained more fully later,more than three scan data memory spaces can be used if additionaldecoding resources are made available. Each one of these differentembodiments which is used in a particular application is a design choicewhich is based on economic considerations.

The fact that some embodiments use 1D image sensors while others use 2Dimage sensors should not be taken to mean that embodiments which use 1Dimage sensors can only read 1D symbols or that embodiments which use 2Dimage sensors can only read 2D symbols. This is because techniques existfor using either type of image sensor to read both 1D and 2D symbols. Itwill therefore be understood that the present reader is not restrictedto use with any one type of image sensor or to any one type of bar codeor other optically encoded symbol.

Referring to FIG. 25A, there is shown a memory space M1 suitable for usein storing blocks of scan data of the type produced by the reader ofFIG. 21, together with a pointer or tracking memory M2 suitable for usein storing address or pointer information that makes it possible for thereader to identify the beginning and end point of a block of interest.As shown in FIG. 25A, the block of scan data produced during a firstscan of the target is stored in memory M1 beginning at address SS1 (ScanStart for Scan 1) and ending at address SE1 (Scan End for Scan 1)Similarly, the block of scan data resulting from a second scan of thetarget is stored between addresses SS2 and SE2, and so on. Becausescanning takes place continuously, the end of one scan block (e.g. SE1)coincides with the beginning of the next scan block (e.g., SS2). Thesizes (in memory space) of these blocks will ordinarily vary from blockto block, depending on the number of data transitions in each 1D scan ofthe target. The boundaries between blocks will, however, be fixed by theoccurrence times of the Scan Interrupt signals which are generated bythe image sensor or its clock generating circuitry.

As will be explained more fully in connection with the flow charts ofFIGS. 26 and 27, locations SS and SE of memory M2 are updated in thecourse of a series of scans so that they always identify or otherwisepoint to the address of the beginning and ending of the most recentlyproduced complete block of scan data. As a result, when the decodingcircuitry is ready to decode the most recently produced complete blockof scan data, it need only refer to locations SS and SE to obtaininformation as to where to begin and end decoding. Before decodingbegins, the contents of locations SS and SE are written into locationsDS (Decode Start) and DE (Decode End) so that locations SS and SE cancontinue to be updated while decoding proceeds on the basis of thecontents of locations DS and DE. In the preferred embodiment, thedecoding circuitry is programmed to mark these beginning addresses as“invalid” (for example, by changing its sign) after it is acquired.Since the decoding processor is programmed to decode only “valid” data,this assures that it can decode a single block of scan data only once.

Referring to FIG. 25B there are shown a plurality of memory spaces MA,MB . . . MN suitable for use in storing blocks of scan data of the typeproduced by the reader of FIG. 21A, together with a pointer or trackingmemory MP suitable for use in storing address or pointer information foridentifying the memory spaces to be used for entering new scan data,decoding, etc. Since the amount of scan data in each block of scan datais known in advance, being the same for each scan, the starting andending addresses for each memory space (e.g., A₁ and B₁ and A_(N) andB_(N); etc.) will also be the same for each scan. As a result, thememory to be used for storing new scan data, decoding etc. may bespecified by specifying just a few bits stored in memory MP. LocationCS, for example, may be used as a pointer which identifies the memorywhere the current scan is being stored, and location NS may be used as apointer which identifies where the next scanned image is to be stored.

Similarly, location CD may be used as a pointer which identifies thememory space where the current decode is being undertaken. Finally,location ND may be used as a pointer which identifies where the nextavailable image is for decoding purposes.

Under ordinary circumstances, three scan data memory spaces will besufficient to keep the decoding activity of the reader fully occupiedand current. This is because the tracking method allows the skippingover of old blocks of scan data as necessary for the decoder to remainoccupied and current. If the decoding load becomes extremely heavy,however, it is possible that more old blocks of scan data are skippedover than is advisable. In such instances, it may be desirable toincrease the number of memory spaces from 3 to N, where N may be 4 oreven more, and to use more than one decoding circuit. If such anincreased number of memories and decoders is used, blocks of scan datamay be distributed among the memories according to a simple sequentialrule and kept track of by increasing the number of bits in the pointersof memory space MP. In addition, the decoding circuits may be assignedto the then most current complete block of scan data as they becomefree. It will be understood that all such numbers of memory spaces anddecoding circuits and the associated tracking procedure are withincontemplation.

The manner in which the circuits of FIGS. 21 and 21A are used with thememory structures of FIGS. 25A and 25B, respectively, to produce thetracking relationships shown in FIGS. 24C, 24D and 24E, respectively,will now be described with reference to the flow charts of FIGS. 26, 27,28 and 29, respectively.

Referring to FIGS. 26 and 27, there are shown flow charts whichillustrate the scanning and decoding operations used by the embodimentof FIG. 21. These processes are made up of a hardware component whichoperates independently and simultaneously with the Microprocessor toacquire images while the Microprocessor is decoding prior images.Secondly, a software interrupt routine is triggered by the scanninghardware which maintains the loose linkage between the hardware and thesoftware of the present embodiment. Turning first to the scanningprocess shown in FIG. 26, this process begins with block 2600, whichcauses the scanning hardware to test for whether scanning is enabled bythe Microprocessor at Blocks 2710 and 2745. If not, the reader cyclesthrough block 2600 and waits. When scanning is enabled, the hardwareoperation proceeds to block 2605 which illuminates the bar code symbol.After exiting block 2605, the operation is directed to block 2610 wherethe operation scans the 1D CCD whose output is stored by the DMA into amemory space. After exiting block 2610, the operation at block 2615causes a signal which indicates that a scan has been completed. Uponcompletion, the scanning operation loops back to the beginning of thescanning operation at block 2600 to acquire more scans unless disabledby the Microprocessor.

Referring to FIG. 27 when the End of Scan Interrupt signal is capturedin the Microprocessor at block 2750, the Microprocessor halts whateverit was doing. At block 2755, the address associated with the end of thepreviously completed block of scan data is set into scan start pointerSS; this address is the memory address corresponding to the occurrenceof the scan interrupt signal at the start of the most recent scan. Italso causes the current address contained in the DMA pointer to be setinto scan end pointer SE at block 2760; this address is the memoryaddress corresponding to the occurrence of the scan interrupt signal atthe end of the most recent scan. This leaves both of the pointers SS andSE with valid addresses which bracket the most recent scan. This data isthus immediately available for decoding in accordance with the decodingoperations shown in the flow chart of FIG. 27. At this point after block2760, the Microprocessor's operation returns from the End of ScanInterrupt at block 2765 and resumes what it was previously doing. It isthis interrupt routine in conjunction with block 2705 and block 2725 ofthe decoding process which manipulate the memory pointers and embody theloose linkage between the scanning hardware and the decoding routineundertaken by the Microprocessor.

Such decoding routine is used to decode scan data produced by the abovedescribed scanning process and will now be described with reference tothe flow chart of FIG. 27. Decoding begins with block 2700 when theprocessor waits until scanning is called for by, for example, thepulling of trigger 2028. When scanning is called for, the processor atblock 2705 initializes the SS pointer to an invalid number and sets theSE pointer equal to the DMA pointer which is equal to the beginningaddress of the top of the first in-first out memory space. After theinitialization is completed, the processor at block 2710 enables thescanning hardware at block 2600 to proceed with acquiring scans. Atblock 2715, the processor again checks to see if scanning is stillcalled for in order to prevent an unnecessary decode cycle. If not, theprocessor proceeds to block 2745 and disables the scanning hardware.When scanning is enabled, the processor at block 2720 examines pointerSS to see if it contains a valid address, i.e., to see if there is ablock of scan data which is ready to be decoded. When SS pointer isvalid, the processor proceeds to block 2725 which causes it to setdecoding start and end pointers DS and DE to the addresses contained inSS and SE pointers, respectively, which identify the memory spacelocation of the most recent scan data. The processor then sets pointerSS to an invalid value to assure that it does not decode that block ofscan data more than once.

Once the processor has completed the above-described steps, it proceedswith decoding, as called for by block 2730. If decoding is successful(block 2735), the decoded message is output, as called for by block2740, and, if scanning is still being called for by block 22715, theprocessor proceeds to block 2720 to commence another decode cycle. Ifdecoding was not successful, no message is output and the processor islooped back to block 2715 to see if scanning is still being called for.Since, as explained earlier, scanning takes less time than decodingunder heavy decoding loads, there will ordinarily be no operatingcondition under which the decoder must wait for further valid data.Thus, the operation depicted in the flow charts of FIGS. 26 and 27results in the desired continuous decoding action.

While, for the sake of clarity, the flow charts of FIGS. 26 and 27illustrate the scanning and decoding operations as proceeding separatelyand virtually independently, these operations will ordinarily proceedsimultaneously (i.e., in parallel) with the scanning operation beingundertaken and controlled by hardwired scanning circuitry associatedwith DMA controller 2032 and the enabling of the scanning hardware anddecoding operation being undertaken and controlled by microcomputer2029. This is because paralleling of the two operations in this wayallows the reader to use its processing resources more efficiently andto use less total program memory space. Because the programmingtechniques necessary to perform the scanning and decoding operations ona parallel basis are well known to those skilled in the art they willnot be described in detail herein.

Referring to FIGS. 28 and 29, there are shown flow charts whichillustrate the scanning and decoding operations preferably used by theembodiment of FIG. 21A. These processes are made up of a hardwarecomponent which operates independently and simultaneously with theMicroprocessor to acquire images while the Microprocessor is decodingprior images. Secondly, software interrupt routines are triggered by thescanning hardware to maintain the loose linkage between the hardware andthe software of the present embodiment. Turning first to the scanningprocess shown in FIG. 28, this process begins with block 2800, whichcauses the scanning hardware to test for whether scanning is enabled bythe Microprocessor at Blocks 2910 and 2950. If not, the reader cyclesthrough block 2800 and waits. When scanning is enabled, the DMA pointeris loaded with a value from the next scan pointer NS which points to thestart address of the memory space where the next scan data block will bestored.

The scanning hardware at block 2810 causes a signal, Start of ScanInterrupt, which indicates that a scan is commencing and which iscaptured by the Microprocessor. The scanning hardware then proceeds toblock 2810 to illuminate the image. Next, the scanning hardware at block2820 scans the image sensor and stores its contents in the memory spacepointed to by NS. After exiting block 2820, the hardware causes asignal, End of Scan Interrupt, which indicates that a scan has beencompleted and which is captured by the Microprocessor. After block 2825,the scanning operation loops back to the beginning of the scanningoperation at block 2800 and proceeds to acquire more images unlessdisabled by the Microprocessor.

Referring to FIG. 29 when the Start of Scan Interrupt is captured in theMicroprocessor at block 2955, the Microprocessor halts whatever it isdoing. At block 2960, the current scan CS pointer is set equal to NS.Pointer CS will now point to the memory space which will contain themost recently completed scan. The interrupt routine then proceeds toblock 2965 where NS is advanced to the next memory space which is notequal to current decode CD pointer which points to the start address ofthe memory space where the current decoding is to occur. Pointer NS willnow point to a memory space where the next scanned image can be stored.At this point after block 2965, the Microprocessor operation returnsfrom the Start of Scan Interrupt at block 2970 and resumes what it waspreviously doing.

Again referring to FIG. 29 when the End of Scan Interrupt is captured inthe Microprocessor at block 2975, the Microprocessor halts whatever itis doing. At block 2980, the processor checks to see if NS is equal toCS. If NS is equal to CS, then the Microprocessor resumes what it wasdoing without setting next decode ND pointer to a valid value. If NS isnot equal to CS, ND is set equal to CS at block 2985 so the decoderoutine will have a valid ND pointer and know the memory space whichcontains the next image to be decoded. At this point after block 2985,the Microprocessor operation returns from the End of Scan Interrupt atblock 2970 and resumes what it was previously doing.

It is the above interrupt routines in conjunction with blocks 2905, 2925and 2935 of the decoding process which manipulate the memory pointers toinform the decoding routine of the most recent image to decode andembody the loose linkage between the scanning hardware and the decodingroutine undertaken by the Microprocessor. These interrupt and memorypointer routines are independent of any memory constraints such thatthey work equally well with two, three or more memory spaces.Simultaneously and independent of these above functions, the processorundertakes the decoding of the most recent block of scan data.

Referring now to FIG. 29, there will now be described a decoding processsuitable for use with the embodiment of FIG. 21A. The processor beginsthe decoding routine at block 2900 where the processor waits untilscanning is called for by, for example, the pulling of trigger 2028.When scanning is called for, the processor at block 2905 initializes CDto be marked as invalid to prevent decoding from being attempted beforea usable image becomes available. Block 2905 also sets ND pointer toinvalid and NS pointer equal to the first memory space in which the nextimage is to be stored.

After setting the various pointers, the processor at block 2910 enablesthe scanning hardware at block 2800 to proceed with acquiring images. Atblock 2915, the processor again checks to see if scanning is stillcalled for. If not, the processor proceeds to block 2950 and disablesthe scanning hardware. When scanning is enabled, the processor waits atblock 2920 and examines ND to see if it contains a valid address, i.e.,to see if there is an image which is ready to be decoded. This waitinterval may correspond to time intervals T_(s0), T_(s1), etc. in FIG.24D. Once a memory space contains a complete image, the processor atblock 2925 sets CD pointer equal to ND pointer, thereby informing thedecode routine of the memory space location of the most recent imageavailable. The processor at block 2930 decodes the image in the memoryspace pointed to by CD pointer. At the same time, ND is set to aninvalid value to prevent the image in the memory space pointed to by NDfrom being decoded more than once. Once the decode of the image pointedto by CD is complete, the processor sets NS equal to CD and then sets CDinvalid at block 2935 to free up the memory space which was pointed toby CD such that newly acquired images can be stored therein (see Block2965).

Once decoding is complete, at block 2940 a determination is made as towhether decoding was successful. If decoding was successful, the decodedmessage is output as called for by block 2945 and, if scanning is stillbeing called for (block 2915), the processor loops back to blocks 2915and 2920 to wait to begin another decoding cycle. If decoding was notsuccessful, block 2940 causes the processor to loop back for a newdecoding cycle without outputting any data message. In either case, ifscanning is no longer required, the processor proceeds to block 2950 anddisables the scanning hardware.

As explained in connection with the embodiment of FIGS. 26 and 27, theshowing of the scanning and decoding operations of the embodiment ofFIGS. 28 and 29 in separate flow charts does not mean that theseoperations are performed separately and independently. It will,therefore, be understood that the scanning and decoding operations shownin FIGS. 28 and 29 are preferably performed substantiallysimultaneously, with the scanning operation being performed by hardwiredscanning circuitry associated with DMA controller 2032 and the decodingoperation being performed by microcomputer 2029.

While this invention has been explained with reference to the structuredisclosed herein, it is not confined to the details set forth and thisapplication is intended to cover any modifications and changes as maycome within the scope of the following claims:

[End of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/516,185, filed Aug. 18, 1995]

[Beginning of an excerpt of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/205,539,filed Mar. 4, 1994].

Turning now to the Drawing and particularly, FIG. 30 thereof, there isseen a block diagram of a system 3010. System 3010 includes a scanningsection 3011, which is enclosed by the dotted line at the left side ofFIG. 30, Illuminator 3012, which can be an LED array, a laser, or thelike, produces a light beam represented by outer defining rays 3014,3014′. The beam strikes a target 3016 on which are found visibleindicia, such as one or two dimensional bar code or OCR characters. Thelight beam is reflected through optics 3020, the reflected beam beingshown representatively as rays 3018, 3018′. The optics project an imageof the indicia onto image sensor 3022, which is preferably realized as aCCD array or matrix. Signals developed by the image sensor 3022responsive to light incident thereon are conducted through signalprocessing electronics 3024, and a suitably conditioned video signal3026 is presented to an enhanced microcomputer or microprocessor 3030.

Operation of the scanning section 3011 is controlled by a trigger 3028,which can be a manual trigger, or an automatic trigger that responds tothe presence of indicia. The trigger 3028 is coupled to themicrocomputer 3030 via an I/O port section 3032. The microcomputerasserts an enable signal 3034 responsive to the trigger 3028 to turn onthe illuminator 3012 and the image sensor 3022. Control signals 3036 areprovided for clock generators 3038 that provide suitable enablingsignals for the illuminator 3012, and clock signals 3042 for the imagesensor 3022 as are required for the operation of a CCD device.

The microcomputer is provided with a timer and DMA controller 3044. Thevideo signal is conducted through a bus interface 3046 onto bus 3049,and then stored as data at an address in a RAM 3048, the transfermediated by the DMA controller 3044. The stored data is representativeof the optical pattern of the indicia on the target 3016. While DMAaccess to the RAM is preferred for rapidity of operation, other memoryaddressing techniques can be also used. Other conventional provisionsinclude a UART 3052 and an auxiliary I/O port section 3054 forconnecting communications devices (not shown) to the scanner.Representative of such devices are a keyboard when the scanner isemployed in a wedge configuration, a telecommunications network, andother devices as may be required for a given application of the system.

A ROM 3050 contains system programs, and may also contain a program fordecoding the data stored in the RAM 3048. Of course the program couldequivalently reside in RAM 3048, and be loaded therein from a secondarymemory storage (not shown), or via communications interface 3056.

In this particular embodiment as shown, the decoder is integrated intothe scanner, although it could also be external thereto.

A typical scan cycle for a CCD scanner is shown in FIG. 31. During thetime period of the scan (5 msec is used in the figure, although this canvary) the cycle begins with illumination pulse 3100 during which brieftime period the target is illuminated. The target may contain bar codeor any other indicia such as OCR which are amenable to scanning anddecoding. During the illumination pulse 3100 period, photosensors in thescanner obtain a linear image of the target which is then transferredvia a transfer gate 3105 to the charge coupled device. The CCD isclocked with pulses 3110 to shift the image out to a CCD analog signal3115. The CCD analog signal 3115 is then transformed via themicroprocessor to a digitized signal termed video out 3120 in FIG. 31.Video out 3120 is a digitized representation of whatever high contrastelements were observed during the illumination period 3100. This couldbe the black regions of a bar code, for example. It can be seen thatthere is not regularity to either the size or the placement of the ‘1’and ‘0’ segments of the video out 3120.

The time between successive leading and trailing edges of the video outsignal 3120 is then timed using the microprocessor clock counts 3125 asreference. Next the information is then stored in memory 3130.

Scanning of indicia can take place under either of two generalizedconditions with respect to the information load presented by theindicia. These are there being a light load of information or a heavyload thereof. The situation is set forth in FIG. 32. The prior art andthe instant scanner perform equally well under a light load. This can beseen by inspecting the representation of the timing of successive scansand decoding operations of prior art 3135 and the instant scanner 3155under a light information load. Each decode of a previous scan'sinformation can be completed during a subsequent scan.

However, under a heavy information load it can be seen that the priorart methods 3140 did not allow sufficient time for decoding. Thus, forthe method illustrated, after scan1 3141 is completed scan2 3142 isinitiated immediately before the decoding of scan1 3143. Scan2 3142 iscompleted while decode1 3143 is still in progress and so scan3 3144 isinitiated. The decoding process falls further and further behind thescanning process until some point where memory is filled and informationmust be discarded.

This contrasts with the heavy information load handling of the instantscanner 3160. Again scan1 3161 obtains and stores information in memory.Then scan2 3162 is initiated immediately before the decoding of scan13165 is begun. However when scan2 3162 is terminated, the decode 3163 isnot yet completed. Therefore the scanner is halted at 3170 and onlyrestarted at 3171 to perform scan3 3164 when the decode of scan1 3163 iscompleted. Of course immediately after scan3 3164 is initiated, so isthe decoding of scan2 3165.

FIG. 33 shows the steps used to accomplish this synchronization ofscanning and decoding so that information does not have to be discardedfrom memory. The scanning process as a whole is initiated in step 3200by an act such as turning on the power to the scanner or depressing abutton or other trigger to initiate the illumination. The first scan isthen initiated in step 3203. This first scan is a special instance as itis the one time, under normal circumstances, that a scan will beinitiated without a decoding operation being initiated as well. Afterthis step 3203 the succeeding steps are repeated from one cycle to thenext.

First a determination is made as to whether the present scan is complete3205. This is accomplished via a signal from the scanner to themicroprocessor informing the microprocessor that the scan is complete.The signal may either be initiated by the scanner or be a response to aquery signal from the microprocessor. Once the scan is complete, and theinformation garnered from the scan has been placed in RAM memory, thenin the preferred embodiment the last memory location containinginformation from the previous scan is marked in step 3208. This can bedone using timing information with respect to the last scan. In thisembodiment memory is handled as a circular queue (with each regionlogically successive to both the prior and subsequent regions of memory)so as to maximize the use of memory, as only the amount needed for eachscan is used by it. However storage of the information can take placeusing two predetermined blocks of memory where each block is ofsufficient size to accommodate the greatest possible informationobtainable from a single scan. The information from the scan may havebeen transferred to memory by any of the techniques that are well knownin the art such as, for example, direct memory access.

A new scan is then initiated in step 3209 and thereafter themicroprocessor begins, in step 3210, decoding the results from the priorscan that are already completely stored in memory. A determination isthen made under microprocessor control in step 3212 as to whether thesymbol decoding is successful. This query breaks into two parts: firsthas the decoding been completed and second has the last collection ofinformation been decoded so as to obtain a valid symbol? If the decodingis not complete then no new scan is initiated until such time as it iscomplete—that is initiation of scanning will be prevented. If howeverthe decoding is complete but does not yield a valid results, then theinformation will have to be discarded and the system will return to waitfor the present scan to be completed.

If, on the other hand, a valid decode has been accomplished, then adetermination will be made in step 3215, again under microprocessorcontrol, as to whether the entire group of scans has successfullydecoded a complete symbol or informational grouping. If not, the systemwill wait for the completion of the current scan. If so, then in step3218 the completed group of scans comprising a message will be processedand/or output as directed by the microprocessor using the peripheralswhich are attached to the system. The process will then end in step 3020by either having the power disconnected or the button or trigger forillumination released.

It can be seen that information is decoded at a rate that keeps up withthe scanning process so that no discarding of stored information due tomemory constraints is ever necessary.

While this invention has been explained with reference to the structuredisclosed herein, it is not confined to the details set forth and thisapplication is intended to cover any modifications and changes as maycome within the scope of the following claims:

[End of an excerpt of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/205,539, filedMar. 4, 1994].

[Beginning of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 08/504,643, filed Jul. 20, 1995].

Referring to FIG. 34 there is shown a block diagram of a bar code readerof a type which is suitable for use. This bar code reader may be a 1Dbar code reader of the type sold by Welch Allyn, Inc., Skaneateles, N.Y.under the model designation ST-3000-22, provided that certainmodifications to be discussed later are made thereto.

The bar code reader includes an illumination system which may comprise aplurality of 660 nm light emitting diodes 16 that illuminate a narrowstrip or slice of a bar code symbol 4018. Reader 4010 also includesfocusing optics 4019 which may be of the type described in U.S. Pat. No.5,291,008, which is assigned to the assignee, and incorporated herein byreference. Focusing optics 4019 causes light returning from the bar codesymbol along a receive path 4014 to be focused or imaged upon a 1D imagesensor 4017 which may be of the charge coupled type. Sensor 4017develops analog signals that represent the optically readable content ofa complete slice of the bar code symbol. These analog signals aresupplied to signal processing circuit 4020, which provides signalconditioning and digitization, using a high frequency timing signal orclock received over a clock input line 4023. Digitization isaccomplished using an analog reconstruction circuit which is disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,783, of common assignee herewith, and alsoincorporated herein by reference. The resulting video signalrepresentation of the imaged slice is supplied via an output line 4025to programmed control circuitry 4030 of FIG. 34.

Programmed control circuit 4030 performs various tasks necessary to theoperation of the reader. It includes a central processing unit 4040which may comprise a Motorola MC68HC11 microcontroller/microprocessorand has an address space of 64 Kbytes. This microprocessor includesserial and parallel I/O, interrupt logic, an oscillator, and clocklogic. Microprocessor 4040 is also provided access to an 8 Kbyte staticrandom access memory (SRAM) 4042 and a 32 Kbyte read only program memory(PEROM) 4045. The capabilities of microprocessor 4040 are enhanced by amultifunctional application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) 4035which may be of the type sold under the product designation 21203276-01by Welch Allyn, Inc. As shown in FIG. 34 ASIC 4035 has four principalfunctional subunits or blocks. A clock control subunit 4043 facilitatesswitching the scan rate of image sensor 4017 between 50, 100, and 200scans/second, although only the latter is used. A memory managementsubunit 4046 (MMU) provides memory management capability. The timer/DMAsubunit 4048, coupled to signal processing circuit 4020, automates thecapture of image data for subsequent processing. Finally interfacesubunit 4044 serves as a RS-232 communications interface for bar codereader 4010, via line 4037. ASIC 4035 and its subunits allowmicroprocessor 4040 to concentrate its resources on decoding data readfrom the bar code symbol. ASIC 4035 as a whole is controlled bymicroprocessor 4040 through a suitable bus 4039.

The timing of the circuitry of FIG. 34 is controlled by ASIC 4035 basedon a timing signal received from a crystal 4049. To increase theperformance of the reader, and to handle the high image sampling ratesnecessary to read two dimensional bar code symbols, a crystal having afrequency of 14.7456 MHz, has been substituted for the 7.3728 MHzcrystal which is included in the unmodified Model ST3000-22 bar codereader. Other modifications to the basic Model ST3000-22 include the useof the following:

SRAM 4042—a 70 ns, 8K×8 CMOS RAM sold by Sony Corp. under the productdesignation CXK5864BM-70L.

PEROM 4045—a 90 ns ROM sold by ATMEL under the product designationAT29C256-9.

Regarding the above mentioned modifications, the use of a higher timingsignal frequency is the most important and the remaining modificationsare made to assure reliable operation of the circuitry at this higherfrequency.

Firmware resident in the PEROM 4045 contains the stored program formicroprocessor 4040. Portions of the program realized in the PEROM 4045are conventional, and allow the bar code reader 4010 to function as aconventional autodiscriminating reader for linear bar code symbologies.Broadly speaking, firmware 4060 includes 4 main program segments asshown in FIG. 35. A variety of system supervisory functions, indicatedby reference numeral 4062 include the initialization of volatilehardware and memory regions, controlling and sequencing the scanning anddecoding operations, and monitoring and maintaining I/O between the barcode reader, the operator, and external equipment.

Decoding functions, indicated by reference numeral 4064, areaccomplished in several stages. First a preliminary examination for thepresence of a 1D bar code symbol is performed. If a 1D linear symbol isfound, an attempt is made to decode the symbol with reference to thetimercount representations of the slices until decoding is successful,one timercount representation of the symbol often being sufficient forthis purpose. If further representations indicate that a stacked 1Dstacked symbol is found, this procedure is repeated until all rows ofthe symbol have been successfully decoded. If it is determined that thesymbol is a 2D symbol, the symbol is examined with reference tosuccessive bit representations of the imaged slices, which are stored inSRAM 4042 substantially in real time. As this is occurring therepresentations are examined to identify the type and location of thefinder pattern therefor. The identification is facilitated by the factthat the simultaneous availability of a number of bit representationsallows the recognition of data structures such as finders which cannotbe recognized and identified from a single bit representation. Once thelatter have been determined, additional bit representations are storeduntil there have been stored a number of such representations which issufficient to make possible the decoding of the symbol. The stored 2Dimage may then be decoded using a decoding algorithm of a typeappropriate to the symbology used to encode the symbol.

In operation, a user will normally depress a trigger 4012 (or set theunit to automatic scan mode) and sweep the scanner over the image one ormore times until the audio alert (e.g., a “beep”) is heard and thedecoded information is output. Alternatively, the user might manuallyspecify whether 1D and 2D codes are to be read, or this could bedetermined automatically by the reader.

The menu functions, indicated by reference numeral 4066, are routinescalled in response to decoding special bar code symbols, so-called barcode “menus” that set non-volatile bits or values within a designatedconfiguration region of the PEROM 4045, thus governing various operatingcharacteristics of the bar code reader 4010, such as scan rate, beepervolume, mode of operation (manual or auto-trigger), enablement ofdecoding of particular bar code symbologies, etc.

Communications functions 4068 service the hardware and include protocolsneeded to deliver scanned data to an attached device. The bar codereader 4010 can support a number of communications protocols andinterfaces, including laser output, OCIA, OCR, RS-232, variouscommercial terminals and keyboard wedges.

Except for the above-discussed modifications to the circuitry andprogramming of the reader, reader 4010 is of a type that is commerciallyavailable to and understood by those skilled in the art. Accordingly,the circuitry shown in FIGS. 34 and 35 will not be further describedherein.

Referring to FIG. 36 there is shown an enlarged view of SRAM 4042 whichillustrates how the latter is organized for use. In the embodiment ofFIG. 36 the 8 kilobytes of memory which are included within SRAM 4042are grouped into a first or image memory space 4042A which includesapproximately 3.7 kilobytes, a second or timercount memory space 4042Bwhich includes 4 kilobytes, and a third or accessory memory space 4042Cwhich includes approximately 0.3 kilobytes, and which may be used as a“connectivity” register in the course of identifying the finder patternof the symbol, and as a set of general purpose registers forconventional microprocessor housekeeping functions. It will beunderstood that these numbers are exemplary only and that these memoryspaces may be located either on the same chip or on separate chips.

In the preferred embodiment, second memory space 4042B is used on afirst in-first out basis to receive and store successive timercountrepresentations of the slices of the bar code symbol which are imaged asreader 4010 is manually moved across a bar code symbol. In the case of2D symbols, this movement may be asynchronous and may be in anydirection, provided that enough of the symbol can be imaged along thatdirection to make decoding possible. In the case of 1D symbols, thismovement may also be asynchronous, but must be within a range ofdirections that allows each code bar of the symbol to be included withinthe timercount representation. The numbers which are included in eachtimercount representation comprise the number of timing pulses whichhave occurred at the times when the video signal from signal processingcircuit 4020 undergoes transitions from l's to 0's or vice-versa. Anillustration of how the data from a video signal for an imaged slice isconverted to a timercount representation thereof, and then stored intimercount memory 4042B is shown in FIG. 39.

Similarly, first or image memory space 4042A is used on a first in-firstout basis to receive and store successive bit representations of theslices of the bar code symbol which are imaged as reader 10 is manuallymoved across a bar code symbol. These bit representations containsubstantially the same information as the timercount representationsthereof, although in a different format, the conversion of one format tothe other being possible with the use of known conversion algorithms. Inthe preferred embodiment, the bit representation of each slice isderived from the corresponding timercount representation thereof by theuse of such an algorithm, as suggested by FIG. 39. This conversion isperformed because it makes possible the use of the timercount generatingcircuitry and programming of existing 1D readers with a minimum ofmodification. More generally, however, the bit representation of eachimaged slice of the bar code symbol may be derived directly from thevideo signal, if desired. A series of examples of how the bitrepresentations of successive slices are “shifted” through image memory4042A during the movement of the reader across a bar code symbol isshown in FIGS. 38-1 through 38-3.

FIG. 37 shows the bar code reader together with a package marked withexamples of the types of bar code symbols which it is able to read.Included among these examples are a 1D linear bar code symbol 4072, a 1Dstacked symbol 4078, and a 2D bar code symbol 4076. All of theillustrated symbols could, in principle, be read omnidirectionally,i.e., in any direction, by the scanner if there were no resolution,memory or processing limitations in the bar code scanner. In the case of2D bar code symbols, this omnidirectional reading can be easily achievedbecause readers designed for use with such symbols require a relativelylow resolution along its two mutually perpendicular axes. In the case of1D bar code symbols, high resolution along only the horizontal axis ofthe symbol is important because information is encoded in the edgepositions of the code bars of the symbol. This, together with the needto image all code bars in each imaged slice, place practical limits onthe range of directions along which 1D symbols can be read. Thus, whilethe reader can read both 1D and 2D symbols, it is, for practicalreasons, fully omnidirectional only for 2D symbols.

FIGS. 38, 38-1, 38-2, 38-3 and 38-6 illustrate how a 2D bar code symbolwhich uses the above mentioned Aztec symbology is read in accordancewith the method and apparatus. Line segments (A), (B), (C) of FIG. 38represent various 1D slices imaged by the reader as it is swept across2D bar code symbol 4080. As shown in FIG. 39 each imaged slice producesa video signal 4082. Timercounts representing the occurrence times oftransitions between black to white and white to black image elements aremeasured and stored sequentially in respective locations within memory4042B, which serves as a timercount memory. As the timercountrepresentation of each slice is stored in timercount memory 4042B, thetimercount data for the preceding slice is converted into the bitrepresentation of that slice and stored in a respective location inmemory 4042A, which serves as an image memory.

In the preferred embodiment, which is based on a modified 1D reader, theabove-described conversion of the timercount representation to thecorresponding bit representation is performed by microprocessor 4040,while the storing of the timercount and bit representations is handledby the timer and DMA subunit of ASIC 4035. With a total of only 8Kilobytes of storage space in SRAM 4042, the amount of memory space thatis available for storing the bit image is limited to about 3.7 K. As aresult, the bit image produced by the embodiment of FIG. 30 has arelatively low resolution, namely: 170 lines of 176 bits each. Thisresolution may, however, be increased as necessary by increasing thestorage capacity of SRAM 4042, and/or the number of light responsiveelements in 1D sensor 4017, and/or the frequency with which the videosignal is examined for the occurrence of transitions.

Bit representations 4081, 4082, and 4083 of FIGS. 38-1, 38-2 and 38-3represent the contents of image memory 4042A after the reader has imagedsymbol slices A, B, and C, respectively of symbol 4080. As can be seen,when image memory 4042A is filled through the end thereof an inputpointer P jumps back to the beginning of the memory space, so thatslices of the bit image are effectively shifted or circulated throughthe image memory. A similar circulation occurs for the timercountrepresentations stored in timercount memory 4042B. The circulation ofthese representations is shown in FIG. 39 as closed loops shown indotted lines.

As the bit representations of symbol 4080 are imaged and stored, theyare analyzed (as will be described below) to see if the finder patternhas been located. If the 2D symbol uses the Aztec symbology, this finderpattern will include the set of nested or concentric black and whitesquares labeled 4085 in FIGS. 38 and 39. FIGS. 38-2 and 38-3 show symbolimages 4082 and 4083 which include this finder pattern. Once this finderpattern is found, data from a predetermined number of additional slicesof the symbol are processed and input into timercount memory 4042B andimage memory 4042A in order to assure that enough of the image of thesymbol is stored to allow the latter to be decoded. Since the positionof the resulting image with respect to the boundaries of the memoryspace (or address pointer P) cannot be predicted in advance, the imagemay be stored in two parts as shown for bit image 4083 in FIG. 38-3. Ifdesired, in order to facilitate decoding, these two parts may be joinedtogether into a single image by reorganizing (as by reordering) the bitrepresentations stored in the image memory. The purpose of thisreorganization is to assure the formation of a substantially complete,decodable image of the bar code symbol as a whole, i.e., an image inwhich the bits of the bit image representations are located (in memoryspace) in their true relative positions with respect to the finder.Thus, bits which are adjacent to one another in the physical spacecontaining the printed symbol will be adjacent to one another in thememory space containing the stored image thereof.

If image memory space 4042A is too small for the above-describedreorganization, a similar result may be achieved by transferring theimage to the timercount memory as a complete unit with all parts of theimage including the finder located on the same side of the pointer ofthe timercount memory. While such a transfer involves the overwriting ofdata previously stored in the timercount memory, such overwriting is nota problem since the data stored in the timercount memory is then nolonger needed.

It will be understood that the above-described reorganization of thecaptured image of a bar code symbol is a desirable but not essentialpart of the present reader. This is because a reorganization of thistype is necessary or desirable with some decoding algorithms, butunimportant with others. Whether or not such a reorganization isnecessary or even beneficial is also dependent upon the type of finderpattern that is used in the bar code symbol. Thus, the present readercontemplates a reorganization of the captured image of the symbol inthose cases where such a reorganization is necessary or beneficial todecoding, but no reorganization in those cases where it is not necessaryor beneficial.

As will be explained more fully presently, the above-described imagecapture process takes place within the framework of an image analysis ortyping process that involves a series of attempts to decode the unknownsymbol as a 1D linear or 1D stacked symbol and, if it cannot do so, aseries of attempts to identify a 2D finder and then decode the symbolusing the identified finder. The image analysis process as a whole isbest visualized with reference to the flow chart of FIG. 40. The 1D partof this analysis is best visualized with reference to the flow chart ofFIG. 41. The 2D part of the analysis is best visualized with referenceto the flow chart of FIG. 42. For the sake of clarity and“connectedness”, the flow charts of both FIGS. 41 and 42 include (abovetheir respective dotted lines) the part of the flow chart of FIG. 40that leads into them.

The above-summarized image analysis framework will now be described withreference to FIGS. 40-42. Turning first to the flow chart of FIG. 40,the image analysis begins with block 4102 which calls for the reader towait for a trigger press. When this trigger press does occur, the readerenables its scanning and timing mechanisms as called for by block 4104to initiate the imaging of stored slices. The reader then tests to seeif the trigger is still depressed (block 4106). If the trigger 4012 isnot still depressed, the reader knows that the read is being terminatedand directs the disabling of the scanning and timing mechanisms (block4120) before returning to its wait condition (block 4102). If trigger4012 is still depressed, the reader waits for the completion of the nextscan slice (block 4108) and then begins the image analysis proper byproceeding to block 4200.

Block 4200, which will be described more fully in connection with FIG.41, represents the steps necessary to decode a 1D symbol of either type,if one is present, and the reader attempts to perform this decoding onencountering this block. The reader continues this attempt until theattempt is successful and a complete message is ready, or until theattempt fails. If the reader determines that the former has occurred(block 4112), i.e., “Data Ready”, the reader produces a beep and outputsits data, as called for by block 4118, before disabling the scanning andtiming mechanisms (block 4120) and returning to its wait state (block4102).

If the reader cannot decode the symbol or otherwise produce a completemessage, block 4112 directs the reader to block 4300, which representsthe steps necessary to decode a 2D symbol of any of a variety of types.This is done because one reason why no data was ready (block 4112) maybe that the symbol is not a 1D symbol, i.e., is a 2D symbol. Whether ornot that is actually the case at that time remains to be determined Thisis because the reason why there was no “Data Ready” may be that thesymbol was damaged or was a 1D symbol read from an unpermitteddirection. Thus, block 4300 gives the reader a chance to decode thesymbol as a 2D symbol before allowing it to give up and return to itswait state.

Upon completing the steps called for by block 4300, the readerdetermines if a decodable message is ready (block 4116) and, if so,outputs its data and returns to its wait state. If a decodable messageis not ready, it may be because more of the 2D symbol needs to be imagedbefore decoding can occur. As a result, the reader is directed back toblock 4106 to repeat the above-described analysis process for additionalscan slices until a complete decoded message is ready and then outputsthe message and returns to its wait state.

In view of the foregoing, it will be seen that the analysis processshown in the flow chart of FIG. 40 will ultimately output a decodablemessage from both 1D and 2D symbols provided only that the symbol isreadable and is read from a permitted direction. In doing so, thereader, in effect, finally determines which type and subtype of symbolis present by determining which symbol type and subtype resulted in adecodable message.

Referring to FIG. 41, there is shown (below the dotted line) the stepsnecessary to decode and assemble into a message the data encoded in a 1Dlinear or 1D stacked symbol, if one is present. These steps employ aprocess of elimination similar to that discussed in connection with FIG.40. More particularly, the flow chart determines if a 1D linear or 1Dstacked symbol is present by attempting to decode first one and then theother, and deciding if one or the other is present by whether or not theattempted decoding was successful.

Because 1D autodiscriminating algorithms (i.e., algorithms which arecapable of differentiating between and then decoding any of a variety ofdifferent subtypes of 1D linear symbols) are well known in the art, thesteps involved in carrying out the actions called for by blocks 4202through 4210 of FIG. 41 will not be discussed in detail herein.Similarly, because an algorithm suitable for use in decoding 1D stackedsymbols is taught by the above-cited Allais patent, the steps involvedin carrying out the actions called for by blocks 4212 and 4214 of FIG.41 will not be described in detail herein.

Referring to FIG. 42, there is shown (below the dotted line) the stepsinvolved in decoding and assembling into a message the data encoded in a2D symbol (if any) having any of a variety of different types of finderpatterns, such as central finders, waistband finders and peripheralfinders, among others. In doing so, FIG. 42 employs a process ofelimination similar to that discussed in connection with FIG. 40. Moreparticularly, after converting the current timercount representation toits corresponding bit representation (block 4302), the reader correlatesthe current bit representation with the bit representations of a numberof preceding scan slices to determine if a finderlike pattern ispresent, as called for by blocks 4304 and 4306. This may be accomplishedby applying a number of candidate finder identifying algorithms, imageprocessing algorithms, or known fuzzy logic pattern recognitiontechniques, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,949(Ziemacki). If a finder-like pattern is found, the reader acquiresenough additional representations to permit the symbol to be decoded.This is accomplished with the use of a scan counter and associatedcontrol blocks 4308 through 4316. Once this has been done, the readerdetermines the orientation of the 2D image and attempts to decode it ascalled for by block 4318. If the attempted decode is successful, thereader outputs its data and returns to its wait state (block 4320). Ifit is not successful, the reader is directed back to block 4106 to makeanother try at decoding.

The examination of the sets of bit representations for the type offinder (if any) that is present preferably involves the application of aprocess of elimination which uses the same algorithms which are used byconventional readers to located their finders. The waistband type finderused with the Code One symbology may, for example, be found using thealgorithm described in “Uniform Symbology Specification Code One”,published by AIM USA Technology Group, under publication no. TSC 059.Similarly, the peripheral type finder used with the Data Matrixsymbology may be found using the algorithm recommended by itsoriginator, and the circular central type finder used by the Maxi Codesymbology may be found using the algorithm recommended by itsoriginator. In the case of the Aztec symbology, a particularlyadvantageous algorithm for finding the finder has been developed whichalso works well with symbols using other types of central finders suchas Maxicode. Because a description of the latter algorithm is not as yetpublicly available, a description thereof will now be provided.

With finder patterns of the central type the bits of successive slicesare examined to find a small “island” (black region) within a larger“lake” (white region), within an island, within a lake, etc. This isdone by determining how isolated each pixel is from the top and sides ofan image, by which measure the center of any bull's-eye stands outplainly. An explanation of a quick scanning algorithm for finding such abull's-eye structure will now be given.

The following algorithm, presented descriptively and in C code to bemore easily understood by a computer programmer, locates a point of high“isolation” —e.g., the center of a bull's-eye—in a stored image. Firstassume that a fully contrasted image of “n” pixels wide of the 2D barcode is stored in the array I[x][y] where 0≦x<n and each element I[x][y] is valued either 0 (for white) or 1 (for black). This can be eithera single image frame (0≦y<m) from a 2D sensor or a continuously acquiredimage (0<=y<??) rolling off a 1D sensor that moves in relation to thetarget.

A “level” array L[x] “n” values wide is first established, where L is anunsigned integer. L is initialized to the values of the top row in I asfollows:

for (x=0; x<n; x++)L[x]=I[x][0]; Subsequent rows of the image areprocessed in sequence by bi-directional scans through L as follows: for(y=1; y<m; y++) {

Working first left-to-right, the left-most L is set equal to theleft-most I value in that row, then each subsequent L[x] is set to: (a)the lesser of its current value (from the row above) or its left-handneighbor, and then (b) plus one if needed to make the new L and itscorresponding I both even or odd. This can be represented mathematicallyin C code as follows.

L[0] = I[0][y]; for (x = 1; x < n−1; x++) { if (L[x−1] <L[x]) L [x] =L[x−1];  if ((L[x] {circumflex over ( )} I[x][y])%2 = = 1) L[x] = L[x] +1; }

Working then back right-to-left, the right-most L is set equal to theright-most I, then subsequent L's are reduced by 2 (1 or more times) ifthey exceed their right-hand neighbor by 2 (1 or more times):

L[n−1] = I[n−1][y]; for (x = n−2; x >= 0; x− −) { while (L[x] >=L[x+1] + 2) L[x] = L[x] − 2; }

As the process is repeated with data from each subsequent scan, from rowto row the L values will start to reflect how isolated any image regionis from its top and sides. After processing a row through part of abull's-eye, the sequence of L values in its vicinity will look somethinglike:

-   -   . . . 2223333444555566655544443333222 . . . .

The “finder (or bull's-eye) located” criterion may be characterized as 4or more consecutive increases in isolation value followed by 4 or moreconsecutive decreases. The highest values mark the center of the “bull'seye.” Scanning through L with a simple state machine (probably as partof the right-to-left scan above but shown here as a separate operation)detects this condition:

state = peakx = 0; for (x = n−1; x ≧ 0; x− −) { switch(state) {  case 0: case 1:  case 2:  case 3: if (L[x] < L[x+1]) state = 0;    if (L[x] >L[x+1]) { peakx = x; state++; } break;  case 4: if (L[x] > L[x+1]) peakx= x;    if (L[x] < L[x +1]) state ++; break;  case 5:  case 6:  case7: if (L[x] > L[x+1]) state = 0;    if (L[x] < L[x+1]) state++; break ; default:  } }

If this scan through L ends with “state”=8, then the point I [peakx][y]is a candidate bullseye center. The true center of the bull's-eye willhave the highest level of isolation, so the search will continue for thepossibility of a candidate having a higher level of L. If a variablepeak1 is initialized to zero at the top of the scan, then the candidatebull's-eye center location can be logged by:

 if ((state = = 8) && (L[peakx] > peakI))  {  peakI = L[peakx]; eyex =peakx; eyey = y;  } }

When an entire image has been scanned, then a non-zero “peak1” indicatesa bull's-eye was found adjoining pixel 1[eyex][eyey]. Alternately, inthe case of a continuously flowing image, acquisition should beterminated a suitable number of rows (e.g., half the size of the imagebuffer) past the most recent updating of “peak1”. This is the number “N”referred to in connection with block 308 above. The current readerutilizes the second acquisition method, by choosing to terminateacquisition N scans after the most recent updating of “peak1”. Analysiscontinues, allowing for a higher peak1, and therefore a more likelycandidate for the bull's-eye center to be found subsequently. When allimaged slices have been stored and the finder has been located, thesymbol is then ready for decoding with reference to the finder.

While the present invention has been particularly shown and describedwith reference to the embodiments illustrated in the drawing, oneskilled in the art will understand that various changes in detail may beeffected therein without departing from the spirit and scope as recitedby the claims.

[End of an excerpt of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/504,643, filedJul. 20, 1995].

[Beginning of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 08/516,185, filed Aug. 18, 1995].

There is provided an improved method and apparatus for scanning anddecoding optical patterns at high data throughput rates without acorresponding reduction in read accuracy.

In prior U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,214, which is hereby expressly incorporatedherein by reference, there is disclosed an embodiment in which high datathroughput rates are achieved by operating the decoding circuitry of thescanner on a substantially continuous basis, i.e., at a 100% utilizationrate, and by utilizing scanning circuitry that can be stopped andstarted substantially instantaneously as necessary to coordinate thescanning and decoding phases of the reading process. Because thisembodiment is described and claimed in said prior U.S. patent, it willnot be discussed in detail herein.

There are disclosed embodiments in which high data throughput rates areachieved by operating the scanning circuitry of the reader on asubstantially continuous basis, i.e., at an approximately 100%utilization rate, and by utilizing decoding circuitry which operates soas to maintain a “tracking” relationship between the scanning anddecoding phases of the reading process. This tracking relationship ischaracterized not by an inflexibly maintained lockstep synchronismbetween the scanning and decoding operations, but rather by a looselymaintained linkage between the decoding operation and the most recentscan data produced by the scanning operation.

Significantly, this tracking relationship between the scanning anddecoding operations has been found to be compatible with the completeand accurate decoding of optically encoded patterns. This result ispossible because patterns, such as 2D bar code symbols, which have arelatively high data content which often include both verticalredundancy and error checking bits which make it possible for the symbolto be fully decoded even if part of that symbol is skipped orunreadable. This property is utilized by skipping over those blocks orunits of scan data which, though complete, have been superseded by amore recent block of scan data. Stated differently, although the loosetracking used may result in some loss of scan data, that loss takesplace in favor of more current scan data which, even if incomplete,permits a symbol to be fully decoded.

In a first embodiment, both the scanning and decoding phases of thereading process proceed without interruption. In embodiments of thistype a relatively large number of blocks of scan data are stored inand/or shifted through a relatively large memory space. As this occurs,address information (e.g. address pointers) which is indicative of thebeginnings and endings of the scan blocks are updated, substantially inreal time, so that the reader can at all times keep “track” of whichblock of scan data is the most recently completed block. Then, as eachdecoding cycle is completed, it is immediately followed by anotherdecoding cycle which begins at the beginning of the most recentlycompleted block of scan data, skipping over any then older blocks ofscan data. In this way, both the scanning and decoding operations takeplace at a substantially 100% utilization rate, thereby assuring a highdata throughput rate.

In a second embodiment, the scanning and decoding phases of the readingprocess preferably (but not necessarily) proceed without interruption.In embodiments of this type blocks of scan data are stored in two ormore sequentially selected memory spaces, having a predetermined size,scan data for each newly begun scan being written over the scan data inthe memory space with the then oldest complete block of scan data. Asthis occurs, the memory space with the then most current block of scandata may be identified using an address pointer which directs the readerto one of the known scan data starting addresses.

Either of the two above-described embodiments may be practiced usingeither a 1D image sensor or a 2D image sensor, such as an image sensorof the charge coupled or CCD type. In the case of bar code symbols, thisis true whether the bar code symbols are 1D symbols or 2D symbols. Thisdoes not, however, mean that embodiments which use 1D image sensors havethe same memory requirements as those which use 2D image sensors.

In the case of embodiments which use a 2D image sensor, both 1D and 2Dbar code symbols may be captured and stored in a single step, full frameimaging operation while the sensor is held stationary with respect tothe symbol. A method and apparatus for capturing and storing 1D and 2Dbar code symbols in this manner is shown and described in commonlyassigned copending U.S. patent application entitled “Optical ReaderHaving Improved Interactive Image Sensing and Control Circuitry”, Ser.No. 08/441,447, filed May 15, 1995. With embodiments of this type, thememory requirements are relatively large.

In the preferred embodiments, the beginnings and endings of each blockof scan data are fixed with a high degree of precision by usinginterrupt signals such as start and/or end of scan signals which arederived directly or indirectly from the timing signals that control theimaging activity of the image sensors. Because these timing signals areultimately derived from a highly stable source, such as a crystaloscillator, and are synchronized with the imaging activity of the imagesensor, they allow blocks of scan data to be easily and accuratelylocated. In addition, since scanning takes place without interruption(except when the scanning function is not called for), a singleinterrupt signal may be used to locate both the end of one block of scandata and the beginning of the next. As a result, the embodiment not onlyaccurately locates each individual block of scan data, it alsoaccurately locates the boundaries between adjacent blocks of scan data.

[End of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/516,185, filed Aug. 18, 1995].

[Beginning of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 08/205,539, filed Mar. 4, 1994].

It is therefore a primary object to provide optimal throughput indecoded-output optical scanners.

It is another object to provide optimal throughput in optical scannersthat can be stopped and started instantaneously.

It is still another object to provide optimal throughput in CCD basedoptical scanners.

It is a further to provide optimal throughput in CCD based bar-codescanners.

It is still a further object to provide optimal throughput intwo-dimensional CCD based bar-code scanners.

It is yet another object to provide a decoded-output optical scannerwhere the scanning function waits until decoding of an earlier scan hasbeen completed.

These and other objects are attained by a method of improving throughputin a scanner whose scanning action is capable of being stopped andstarted instantly, comprising the steps of A) storing results of a firstscan of a target containing indicia in a first region of a memory and B)upon determining that the first scan is complete 1) decoding results ofthe first scan 2) initiating a second or subsequent scan 3) storingresults of the second scan of the target containing indicia in a secondregion of a memory, and 4) awaiting completion of the decoding beforeinitiating an additional scan.

[End of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/205,539, filed Mar. 4, 1994].

[Beginning of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 08/504,643, filed Jul. 20, 1995].

There is provided an improved bar code reader which uses a 1D imagesensor and yet which is able to read both 1D and 2D bar code symbols.This bar code reader is specially adapted to practice a novel method forone dimensionally and asynchronously imaging a bar code symbol, andacquiring and storing a digital representation of one or more imagedslices thereof. In the case of 1D linear symbols or 1D stacked symbols,these one or more digital representations preferably comprise“timercount” representations of the imaged slices, i.e., representationswhich record the occurrence times of the transitions occurring withinthe slices. These slices preferably extend across all of the code barsof each row of the symbol and have a resolution which is sufficient topermit the information encoded in the symbol to be accurately decoded.

In the case of 2D matrix symbols, these digital representations comprise“bit image” or “bit mapped” representations of the imaged slices, i.e.,representations which record the locations of each data element or bitof the imaged slice. When a plurality of successive bit imagerepresentations (hereafter often abbreviated to “bit representations”)are considered together, they together comprise a stored representationin which the bits making up the symbol are stored or mapped in memoryspace in a way that is closely related to the way in which the bitsmaking up the symbol are positioned in the physical space of the printedsymbol. Because of this close relationship, the bit representation, onceacquired and stored, can be used and decoded in much the same way as a2D image which has been acquired and stored by a 2D bar code reader,once its finder pattern has been identified and located.

Significantly, the reader may be used with both 1D and 2D bar codesymbols, provided that it is equipped with software that enables it todistinguish between the various types of bar code symbologies that maybe used. In the case of distinguishing between 1D and 2D symbols, thiscomprises software which enables the reader to distinguish between 1Dbar code symbols and 2D bar code symbols and, if it is a 1D symbol, todecode the symbol using one or more timercount representations thereof.In the case of distinguishing between the various kinds of 2D symbols,this comprises software which enables the reader to successively testfor the presence of the finder patterns that are characteristic of thedifferent 2D bar code symbologies and, when the finder pattern has beenidentified, to decode the symbol using the stored bit representationsthereof. The accomplishment of these two results is facilitated by thefact that the reader generates both timercount and bit representationsof the symbol substantially simultaneously and in real time.

As will be explained more fully presently, one important advantage isits ability to determine, solely from information contained in asuccession of imaged slices or scans, when to stop acquiring data fromthe 2D symbol. The present reader accomplishes this by examining the bitrepresentations of successive imaged slices, substantially in real time,for indications of the presence of the types of finders that are usedwith 2D bar code symbologies. Among these finders are “peripheral” typefinders, such as those used with the DataMatrix symbology, “waistband”type finders such as those used with the Code One symbology, and“central” or “bullseye” type finders, such as those used by the Maxicodeand Aztec symbologies. The last mentioned symbology is described incopending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/441,446, filed May 15,1995, entitled “Two Dimensional Data Encoding Structure and SymbologyFor Use With Optical Readers”.

With “bullseye” type symbologies, the presence of the central finder isindicated by the emergence of easily recognized numerical patterns thatare derived from the above-mentioned succession of bit representationsusing a new finder identifying algorithm to be described hereinafter.With the “peripheral” and “waistband” type finders, the finders may beidentified by means of the known finder identifying algorithms for theDataMatrix and Code One symbologies. If symbols with more than one typeof finder are being autodiscriminated, these finder identifyingalgorithms may be applied alternatively and successively, i.e., ascandidate algorithms, until one actually succeeds, and makes decodingpossible.

In the preferred embodiment of the method, advantage is taken of thefact that many 1D bar code readers already include programmed controlcircuitry which operates in conjunction with a fixed frequency timingsignal to convert the video signal for a 1D slice of the symbol into a“timercount” representation thereof. These timercount representations ofthe symbol are produced for each successive slice of the symbol,substantially in real time, as the reader is moved manually across thesymbol. As this occurs these timercount representations are stored insuccessive locations of a timercount memory space. At approximately thesame time, these timercount representations are converted to thecorresponding bit representations, using a simple well-known conversionalgorithm and then stored in an image memory space. In this way, themethod takes the fullest possible advantage of existing capabilities ofexisting 1D bar code readers to enable the reader to distinguish betweenand then decode both 1D and 2D symbols. It will be understood, however,that, if taking advantage of existing bar code reader capabilities isnot important, the reader may be designed so that the timercount and bitimage signals are generated simultaneously and independently.

In the event that it is known that the reader will be used to read only2D bar code symbols, the inclusion in the method (or apparatus) of steps(or circuitry) that are used to identify and process 1D bar code symbolsis unnecessary. It will therefore be understood that, in embodiments ofthe latter type, the generation of timercount representations becomesoptional, being included or not included depending upon whether or notit is useful in generating the bit representations used with 2D bar codesymbols. In embodiments of the latter type, there may also be eliminatedthose steps or program segments that are directed only to theidentification and processing of 1D bar code symbols.

In accordance with a secondary feature, digital representations arestored in both of the above-mentioned memories, substantially in realtime, on a first in-first out basis, with representations of old slicesbeing shifted through the memory (or at least with respect to an addresspointer) as representations of new slices are stored. On reaching theend of the memory space, representations of old slices are re-entered atthe beginning of the memory space. As a result, the two memory spacescontain two circulating representations of the symbol being read, one atimercount representation and one a bit representation. Sets of newlyreceived timercount representations are examined as they occur and, ifthey indicate the presence of a 1D symbol, are decoded at once. If thisdecoding does not succeed, indicating that a 2D symbol may be present,the bit representations are examined to determine if a finder can beidentified and located. Once the finder is identified and located, theportion of the symbol that is then being imaged is known. The finding ofthis finder may then be used to continue the imaging of the symbol untilthere are enough stored representations of the symbol to allow thelatter to be decoded.

Thereafter, optionally, the bit representations may be reorganized (e.g.rewritten in a different order or re-addressed) so that both theindividual data bits and the finder pattern are located in their truerelative positions with respect to one another. If the image memoryspace is too small for this to be done within the image memory, thereorganization may take place in the course of transferring the bitrepresentation from the image memory to the timercount memory. In eithercase, the resulting bit image will be in condition for decoding usingthe decoding algorithm that is associated with the symbology indicatedby the type of finder that has been found.

In an apparatus aspect there is contemplated a 1D bar code reader whichis in many respects similar to existing 1D bar code readers, except thatits timing, memory structure and programming has been altered in a waythat allows it to be used in accordance with the above summarizedmethod. More particularly, the apparatus may comprise a 1D bar codereader which has been modified to increase its clock rate by an amountsufficient to enable it to be used to image many successive slices ofthe symbol as it is moved there across. In addition, the memorystructure of the reader is modified to make the above-mentioned memoryspaces available for use in storing and shifting the timercount and bitrepresentations which are associated with these slices. Finally, theprogramming of the reader is modified to coordinate the generation andstorage of the latter representations, to differentiate between 1D and2D bar code symbologies and, if a 2D symbology is used, to identify thesymbology on the basis of the type of finder that is used, and thendiscontinue the imaging of the symbol after there has been stored anumber of digital representations which is sufficient for decodingpurposes. (It should be noted in the last mentioned connection that,because error correction data is encoded in 2D bar code symbols alongwith message data, it is often possible to fully decode a message eventhough a part of the symbol is missing.) Because the functions of thesemodifications have already been discussed in connection with theforegoing summary of the method, they will not be repeated here.

Other objects and advantages will be apparent from the followingdescription and drawings.

[End of an excerpt from the referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/504,643, filed Jul. 20, 1995].

While the present invention has necessarily been described withreference to a number of specific embodiments, it will be understoodthat the time spirit and scope of the present invention should bedetermined only with reference to the following claims.

We claim:
 1. In an optical reading apparatus of the type including aparameter memory space for storing a plurality of parameters whichspecify the modes in which said reading apparatus may operate, incombination: scanning means, including a two dimensional image sensor,for controllably generating and storing image data representinginformation encoded in an optically encoded symbol; decoding means,including a plurality of decoding programs, for controllably decodingimage data scanned by said scanning means; menuing means, including amenuing program, for selectably enabling a user to select which of saidparameters will be enabled for use in controlling said modes; whereinsaid parameters include a plurality of scanning-decoding parameterswhich specify which of a plurality of scanning-decoding relationshipswill be established between said scanning means and said decoding means.2. An optical reading apparatus as set forth in claim 1 in which saidmodes are selected by means of optically readable menu symbols presentedto said reading apparatus by said user.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1 inwhich said scanning-decoding parameters include at least a One Shotparameter and a Repeat Until Done parameter.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1in which at least one of said scanning-decoding parameters is a trackingparameter.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1 in which at least one of saidscanning-decoding parameters is a non-tracking parameter.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 1 in which at least one of said scanning-decodingparameters is a non-tracking parameter.
 7. An optical reading apparatusas set forth in claim 4 in which said tracking parameters is selectedfrom the group consisting of a Scan On Demand parameter and a Skip Scantracking parameter.
 8. A method for reprogramming an optical reader, themethod comprising: optically encoding an optical reader commands, theoptical reader command having a corresponding optical symbol; displayingthe optical symbol on a display so that the optical symbol is adisplayed optical symbol displayed on a display; and reading thedisplayed optical symbol with the optical reader, the optical readerbeing reprogrammed in accordance with the optical reader command encodedby the displayed optical symbol.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein theoptical reader has a parameter table configured to define readeroperating modes, and wherein the command is configured to modify theparameter table.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the optical readercommand is a vector processing command.